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THE EMERGING ADULT : TREATING THE MULTI-SYSTEM, MULTI-PROBLEM PATIENT

Explore the impact of environmental stimuli on developing the prefrontal cortex in emerging adults for better decision-making and goal achievement. Learn about the key areas of the prefrontal cortex and how to nurture executive functions effectively.

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THE EMERGING ADULT : TREATING THE MULTI-SYSTEM, MULTI-PROBLEM PATIENT

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  1. THE EMERGING ADULT :TREATING THE MULTI-SYSTEM, MULTI-PROBLEM PATIENT Cardwell C. Nuckols, PhD cnuckols@elitecorp1.com www.cnuckols.com

  2. THE EMERGING ADULT :TREATING THE MULTI-SYSTEM, MULTI-PROBLEM PATIENT

  3. TREATING THE EMERGING ADULT PATIENT REHABILITATION OR HABILITATION

  4. EMERGING ADULT PROGRAM • DEVELOPMENTALLY IMMATURE • NON-ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT • EARLY ALCOHOL AND DRUG USAGE • OFTEN FRUSTRATED BECAUSE THEY CANNOT ACHIEVE AGE APPROPRIATE GOALS • DON’T FIT WELL IN ADULT TREATMENT PROGRAMS

  5. NUCLEUS BASALIS

  6. EMERGING ADULT PROGRAM • NOVELTY • GROUP-ORIENTED • ACTIVE PARTICIPATION • DEVELOPMENTALLY INFORMED • SPIRITUAL CORE AS A SPIRIT QUEST OR RIGHT OF PASSAGE

  7. EMERGING ADULT PROGRAM • ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT • STAFF AS HEALTHY FAMILY • BUDDY SYSTEM • ART AND ACTIVITY THERAPY • MEDITATION AND YOGA • 12 STEP ORIENTED

  8. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT • EMOTION AND MOTIVATION SYSTEM • Thissystem turns 10 year olds into restless, exuberant, emotionally intense teenagers • Recent studies (Casey at Cornell) suggest adolescents aren’t reckless because they underestimate risk but because they overestimate rewards-or, rather find rewards more rewarding than adults

  9. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT • EMOTION AND MOTIVATION SYSTEM • Want social rewards-respect from their peers • Recent study (Steinberg at Temple University • Teenagers did a high-risk driving task while lying in a fMRI machine. • The reward systems lighted up much more when they thought another teenager was watching-and they took more risks

  10. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT • CONTROL SYSTEM (PREFRONTAL CORTEX) • The prefrontal cortex GUIDES OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN including those that govern motivation and emotion • This system inhibits impulses, guides decision- making, plans for the long-term and delays gratification

  11. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT • CONTROL SYSTEM (PREFRONTAL CORTEX) • This system is experience dependent • It becomes more effective as we gain more SUPERVISED experience • EXPERTISE COMES FROM SUPERVISED EXPERIENCE • These two systems were in sync in the past where farming and hunter-gatherer societies prevailed

  12. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT • The experience of trying to achieve a real goal in real time in the real world is increasingly delayed and the growth of the control system depends on just those experiences • As Ronald Dahl of UC-Berkeley states, “Today’s adolescents develop an accelerator a long time before they can steer and brake.”

  13. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT • It’s that the prefrontal cortex is not properly instructed and exercised • Because the brain is “plastic” it can respond to environmental stimuli • Given the right stimuli this could help resolve some of the problems by helping to influence top-down control

  14. TREATING THE EMERGING ADULT PATIENT • DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT • THE SPIRITUAL CORE • DISCHARGE PLANNING

  15. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX

  16. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX

  17. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • CRITICALLY SENSITIVE TO AN ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT DURING THE FOLLOWING AGE RANGES • 0-5 YEARS OLD • 10-20 YEARS OLD • TAKES ABOUT 25 YEARS TO DEVELOP UNDER GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL CIRCUMSTANCES

  18. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • PREFRONTAL TAKES AROUND 25 YEARS TO DEVELOP IN A GOOD ENVIRONMENT 0-------------------------------------------25 0-5 YEARS OLD-NURTURANCE 10-20 YEARS OLD- SUPERVISION

  19. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • There are three areas that make up the prefrontal cortex (PFC)and its link to the limbic system • ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX (VENTROMEDIAL PFC) • AFFECT CONTROL • WEIGHING DECISIONS • DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX • EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS • MORAL JUDGMENTS • ANTERIOR CINGULATE GYRUS • RELATIONAL • ATTENTION AND FOCUS

  20. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX COORDINATE THE MANY BRAIN ACTIVITIES NEEDED TO UTILIZE: EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS Set goals Make plans to attain those goals Organize steps to carry out the plans Ensure that desired outcomes are achieved CONSCIENCE PURSUE REWARD WITHIN THE LAW

  21. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX Executive Functions • Abstract Thinking • Discerning relationships • “Seeing the forest for the trees” • Attention Shifting • Ability to shift attention when needed • Information Manipulation • Manipulate information in short-term memory

  22. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX Executive Functions • Planning And Foresight • Forming a mental model of a future event or situation • Monitoring And Error Correction • Engaged when results do not match intentions • Decision Making • Weigh options, arrive at a decision and see it through

  23. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX Executive Functions • Inhibition • Ability to inhibit impulses and delay gratification • Social Functioning • Appropriate processing of social cues

  24. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • Research tells us… • We can impact the areas of relationships, affective control and cognitive abilities • RELATIONSHIPS= ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX • AFFECTIVE CONTROL= ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX • COGNITION= DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX

  25. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • ENHANCING RELATIONAL ABILITIES • Group oriented program • Physical exercise • Ropes course • Young People in Alcoholics Anonymous (http://www.aa.org/assets/en_US/p-4_youngpeopleandaa.pdf) • Young People in Narcotics Anonymous (http://www.na.org/admin/include/spaw2/uploads/files/en3113_2008.pdf)

  26. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • ENHANCING RELATIONAL ABILITIES (continued) • Music therapy • Examine their interpretation of their favorite lyric of their favorite song and discuss in group • Have the group make their own instruments and write their own recovery song to be performed at community meeting or graduation

  27. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • ENHANCING RELATIONAL ABILITIES (continued) • Enriched environment • Therapeutic relationship • Role of the heart

  28. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT A GOOD PARENT SETS GOOD LIMITS FAIR CONSISTENT AVAILABLE

  29. ENRICHED ENVIRONMENT SETTING LIMITS Overly Strict Very Loose

  30. THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP

  31. THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP

  32. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • AFFECTIVE CONTROL • Role play • How to manage potential relapse and craving situations • People, Places and Things (PPT) group • Anger management • How when I get angry I give up control to the person I claim is making me angry • Spiritual • Each day a patient reads from a chosen passage from a spiritual text (AA, NA, Bible, Koran, Bhagavad Gita, Tao, etc. purchased as library)

  33. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • AFFECTIVE CONTROL (continued) • Introduction to meditation • Opportunity to experience various approaches to spending time in the right hemisphere • Develop a personalized SAFETY PLAN • Developed on a 3x5 index card • Qualifying-writing and reading your story-experience ,hope and expectations

  34. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING • Write a job resume and have the group give feedback • Practice interviewing for a job • The interviewer will use a standard set of questions which the patient will answer in front of the group • Group feedback encouraged • Skills Development • Experimenting with several opportunities to develop an interest or hobby • Photography, cooking, painting, drawing using multiple mediums

  35. DEVELOPING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX • EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING • Jig saw puzzles, cross word puzzles, etc. • Certain computer games that are nonviolent but demand attention and delayed gratification such as SimCity • The puzzles and computer games can be competitive in nature leading to a discussion on winning and losing or maybe the losing team waits on the winning team at dinner, etc.

  36. THE SPIRITUAL BRAIN

  37. THE SPIRITUAL BRAIN • In the right hemisphere of the brain the following areas are involved in positive emotions, mammalian love and spirituality: • Amygdala • Hippocampus • Insula • Anterior Cingulate Gyrus • Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex • Septal Area

  38. THE SPIRITUAL BRAIN • ANTERIOR CINGULATE GYRUS: • Links valence and memory to create attachment • Along with the hippocampus makes the past meaningful • Directs approach and avoidance • Regulates the blending of thoughts and emotions • Rich in dopamine innervation (reward and motivation)

  39. THE SPIRITUAL BRAIN • INSULA • Brings visceral feelings into consciousness (heart ache) • Insula and anterior cingulate gyrus active in positive emotions of humor, trust and empathy • Spindle (von Economo) cells may help integrate mammalian limbic system with the neocortex • Special set of “mirror” neurons involved in “feeling” what another is feeling (empathy)

  40. THE SPIRITUAL CORE • Positive emotions may well be the neurobiological basis of spirituality, as well as, good mental health • Positive emotions like compassion, forgiveness, love, hope, joy, faith/trust, awe and gratitude arise from our capacity for unselfish parental love and are hard wired • Spirituality as an amalgam of its positive emotions that bind us to others and the experience of God as we understand Him

  41. THE SPIRITUAL CORE • Positive emotions have the potential to free the true self from the false self • Negative emotions (fear, anger, etc.) are often crucial for survival but only in time present • Ideas are neutral, valueless and colorless and elicit no sensation • Emotions are felt physically • Either “good” or “bad” • Almost always elicit approach or avoidance

  42. THE SPIRITUAL CORE • Emotions are associated with activity in the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) • Negative Emotions=Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) • Positive emotions=Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) • None of the 8 positive emotions are “all about me” and they all invoke connection • They are often expressed with gratitude • The negative emotions such as anger, lust, envy, jealousy, resentment, etc. are “all about me” • They are often expressed with grandiosity

  43. THE PROMISES • “If we are painstaking about this phase of our development, we will be amazed before we are halfway through. We are going to know a new freedom and a new happiness. We will not regret the past nor wish to shut the door on it. We will comprehend the word serenity and we will know peace. No matter how far down the scale we have gone, we will see how our experience can benefit others.” • BIG BOOK PAGE 83-84.

  44. THE PROMISES • Freedom (__) • Happiness (__) • Absence of regrets (__) • Serenity or peacefulness (__) • How much your experience benefits other people (__) • Absence of self-pity (__) • Interest in other people (__) • Absence of selfishness (__)

  45. THE PROMISES • A more positive attitude about life (__) • Absence of fear of people (__) • Absence of fear of economic security (__) • An ability to handle situations that used to be difficult (__) • Awareness of a Higher Power in your life (__) • THE PROMISES ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF RECOVERY

  46. THE SPIRITUAL CORE GRATITUDE (LOVE) A CHANGE IN WORLDVIEW GRANDIOSITY (CHARACTER DEFECTS)

  47. THE SPIRITUAL CORE • OPPOSITE OF GRATITUDE IS GREED • GREED says, “Everything is to be gotten.” • Implies control • Brings in the concept of time • Leads to misery • GREED is a yearning for more • Related to DESIRE • AS ERIC HOFFER SAID, “YOU CAN NEVER GET ENOUGH OF WHAT YOU DON’T REALLY WANT.” • IT’S HARD TO GET ENOUGH OF SOMETHING THAT ALMOST WORKS

  48. THE SPIRITUAL CORE • WHAT DO YOU HAVE THAT YOU HAVE NOT RECEIVED? • Gratitude says THANKS • Grandiosity (greed) DEMANDS MORE • “TO THOSE THAT HAVE MORE WILL BE GIVEN.” • Self-fulfilling prophesy • Only the grateful are in a position to receive

  49. THE SPIRITUAL CORE • What emanates from God in the consciousness of man is power-love, compassion, completeness, perfection and wholeness • In contrast the evil thoughts of resentment, fear, doubt, hate, jealousy, etc. come from the ego of man and have no power • LOVE IS THE ONLY TRUE POWER AND LEADS ONE TO “BECOME LIKE A CHILD”

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