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On Patents, Innovation Surveys, R&D and other devices to measure the rate and directio n of technological change

On Patents, Innovation Surveys, R&D and other devices to measure the rate and directio n of technological change. Prof. Daniele Archibugi Italian National Research Council Birkbeck College, University of London Seminar 5 at the Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex

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On Patents, Innovation Surveys, R&D and other devices to measure the rate and directio n of technological change

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  1. On Patents, Innovation Surveys, R&D and other devices to measure the rate and direction of technological change Prof. Daniele Archibugi Italian National Research Council Birkbeck College, University of London Seminar 5 at the Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex July 10-15 2005

  2. The hard task of measuring innovation • Innovation is the most heterogeneous economic and social phenomenon • There are no two identical innovations: if so, one would be an imitation • Scientific and technological value do not correspond to economic value • The impact of an innovation is always uncertain

  3. Beyond R&D and Patents…Why? • Rosenberg motivation - Lower forms of knowledge • Pavitt and Smith motivation - non-R&D component of innovation • Lundvall motivation - Learning and knowledge • Bell - Castells motivation - Towards a service economy

  4. Development of indicators

  5. Institute for Studies on Scientific Research and Documentation National Research Council of Italy

  6. Collection and classification of more than 4,000 radical innovations The patience and persistence of Joe Townsend, SPRU Researcher, Mayor of Brighton

  7. Incremental innovations Radical innovations Changes of technology systems Changes in techno-economic paradigm (technological revolutions) measurable measurable measurable not measurable A taxonomy of innovations(Freeman-Perez)

  8. Manufacturing and Services in innovation and employment

  9. According to how many criteria can an innovation be classified? • The technological field of the innovation (antibiotics or semiconductor) • The product in which the innovation is more likely to be used (drug or television) • The main product activity of the firm producing it (Pharmaceuticals or Electronics) • The main product activity of the firms that will more likely using it (again, Pharmaceuticals or Electronics) • The human necessity that it is likely to satisfy (health or entertainment)

  10. OBJECTS Trade, products, patents Objective data SUBJECTS All industrial statistics (employment, production, R&D) Subjective data Objects and SubjectsTwo Alternative Approaches toIndustrial Statistics

  11. Objects and Subjects Innovation Surveys

  12. When will the Object and the Subject approach be the same? • If firms will be able to be single-product? • If firms will be allowed to produce innovations in one technical field only? • What do we mean by industry?

  13. Winter: From how many SIC Classes will it be possible to buy a salad bowl? • Major Group 24: Lumber And Wood Products, Except Furniture • Major Group 30: Rubber And Miscellaneous Plastics Products • Major Group 32: Stone, Clay, Glass, And Concrete Products • Major Group 33: Primary Metal Industries • Major Group 34: Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery And Transportation Equipment • Major Group 39: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries

  14. Inter-Industry Technology Flows Only? • Scherer-Pavitt line based on the producer-user differences, but... • Can be applied both among economic agents (firms, ie subjects) or among economic artefact (products or innovations, ie objects) • Haven’t we learnt that to introduce innovations an absorptive capacity within the firm is needed?

  15. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Objects and Subjects

  16. What are we learning from Community Innovation Surveys? Number of innovating firms • Reliable differences across industries • Somehow reliable differences across firm size • Not reliable indicators across countries: still survey-specific and not country-specific outcomes

  17. CIS Learnt Lessons: Sources of Innovation Wide statistical population, useful insights, but • No major news from more economical surveys (SPRU, CNR, von Hippel, Yale, PACE) • Little variations over time

  18. Sources of Innovation: where to go? • Is it possible to get more information on the changing nature of the sources to innovate? • Relevance of public research: spill-over literature and CIS results. Combination of sources and not causality • Geographical proximity

  19. Innovation Costs: Will it become the CIS key indicator? • It has proven difficult for the firm to answer this question, more than with R&D • We need to be flexible and to add up items since this is a consequence of technical change • As with human capital, it might result an endless fight

  20. Innovation expenditure of Italian service firms

  21. Relevance of New Products • “Is the innovation new to the firm, industry, country?” • Highly subjective judgement: the least informed firm might believe that it has new products • More robust filters are needed • Very relevant to associate it to the total share of innovative value added

  22. Critical areas • Meaning of innovation in manufacturing and services • Organisational innovation • Knowledge-based economy • Indicators of ICT • Time lag between the survey and the availability of the data • Firm-level data protected too much by confidentiality

  23. Developments from the CIS • Deepening of measurement through CIS • reconciling the “subject” and “object” approach • Indicators for the new trajectories (rapidity): • biotechnology • information and communication technology • Converge/fusion between manufacturing and services

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