Exploration and Exploitation

1. Exploration and Exploitation

2. Objective Describe the role of mercantilism and imperialism in European exploration and colonization in the sixteenth century, including the Columbian Exchange. KEY TERMS • Mercantilism • Imperialism • Colonization • Columbian Exchange

3. Need for Exploration • Crusades → Introduced to new items, new demand. • Renaissance → curiosity about other lands and peoples. • Reformation → refugees running away & missionaries sent to foreign places • Monarchs need more money

4. 4. Monarchs (Cont’d) Question: Following the Renaissance and the Rise of Monarchies, why do you think Europeans went exploring Answer: MONEY and RESOURCES!!! War was a big drain Mercantilism !!! Zero-sum gain - There is a fixed sum of wealth in the world, and for every winner there is a loser…

5. Motives God, Gold, and Glory • God (Spread Christianity) • Gold • Glory

7. “God” • Desire to Spread Christianity • to the Asian, African, and especially Native Americans • Competition to gain converts • Reformation had created competition for membership amongst the different Christian faiths.

8. “Gold” • Spice Trade was Very PROFITABLE • Scarce Spices were highly desired • Preserved food • Flavored food • BIG PROFITS!! • BUT blocked by Italians & Ottoman Turks • Have to find away “around” them

9. “Glory” • Glory for King & Country! • To Increase POWER = Increase Wealth. You do this by getting as much as You can. • Exploration = Competition between countries • If you didn’t get the wealth someone else would! They Would win and you would lose! • The more wealth a country had = more POWER in war! Victory over your enemies was everything!

10. MEANS What allowed the Explorers to sail across the oceans? What allowed the US to land on the Moon? ***NEW TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES !!!****

12. List some examples of the better technologies for navigation

13. New Technologies Caravel Better Maps Astrolabe Helps plot latitude Mariner’s Compass Sextant

14. New WEAPONS Caravel This design was later Modified by the Spanish… The Galleon… Pistols and Cannons

15. Ptolemaic Map of the Known World,pre- 1492

16. Start of Exploration: The Portuguese

17. Portuguese The Portuguese begin the Age of Exploration trying to find a way to India around Africa. • Prince Henry the Navigator Starts a School of Navigation • His school brings in experts to develop better sailing techniques and tools • Makes Long Exploration Possible

18. Portuguese Explorers • The Portuguese start by Exploring the west coast of Africa and found the “Gold Coast” • Bartholomew Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope in 1488, proving a route around Africa • Vasco da Gama led successful expedition to India, 1497-99 • Reaches India and the cargo he carries back to Portugal will be sold for 60 times the cost of the expedition • Portuguese - Rejected Columbus because they knew his calculations were way off – under-estimated circumference

20. Christófo Colón [1451-1506] From: Italy (Genoa); Represents: Spain

21. Christopher Columbus • Columbus thought the voyage around Africa was far too long and dangerous to get to India. • Instead he thought he could sail West to get to the Indies (India & the Southeast Asian islands) relying on Ptolemy’s inaccurate calculations • (who underestimated the circumference of the globe by 5000 miles) • Columbus could not get financing from his native Italy, England, or France to pay for his expedition.

22. Columbus’ Voyages • Spain however did take the risk paying for supplies & 3 ships. • Columbus ultimately located all the major islands in the Caribbean Landing of Columbus on the Islands of Guanahani, West Indies, 1847.

23. Columbus’ Four Voyages • GOD:He also found new souls to win over to Catholicism • GOLD: Columbus and his men setup work plantations and enslaved the Native people. • The work was tedious and the Indians had no immunity to most European diseases. • EX: From disease and overwork, the population of Hispaniola (Modern Haiti & Dominican Republic) fell from one million in 1493 to 100,000 • By 1510, to replace workers African slaves would be imported in large numbers

25. First Circumnavigation of the World

26. Ferdinand Magellan • From: Portugal; Represents: Spain • Ferdinand Magellan • sent to find a searoute around the New World. • In the Philippines, he was killed in a fight with the native people • 1518 the rest of his expedition finally returned to Spain with only 18 survivors in one boat after 3 years at sea. What are the Benefits of Magellan's Trip?

27. Magellan's crew had proven • earth round • world contained more water than land • Much larger than Ptolemy thought (Church/Classics)

28. The Spanish: Conquistadores

29. The Aztecs From: Spain Represents: Spain vs. Hernando Cortés Montezuma II

31. The Aztecs • Answer this Question for your Notes • HOW DO THE SPANISH WIN?? • Spain still had not gained the wealth that the Portuguese had and so sent conquistadors inland. • Aztec King Montezuma sent a few gifts of gold to Cortes which made the Spanish even more greedy! • Hernando Cortes • 500 soldiers, a few cannons, and 16 horses into the area of Mexico where the Aztecs ruled. • Allied with Tribes that did not like Aztecs • Aztec legend to his advantage • defeated the Aztecs, killed Montezuma, and took complete control over Aztec areas. Montezuma II greets Hernando Cortes Cortes in Veracruz

33. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

34. The Death of Montezuma II

35. Spain will continue to search for sources of Gold and many of the people of Mexico are forced into slavery on the plantations

36. The Incas From: Spain Represents: Spain vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

37. The Incas Answer this Question for your Notes -- HOW DO THE SPANISH WIN?? • Francisco Pizarro (1532) • sent to conquer South America • less than 200 soldiers. • Intentionally spread Smallpox to Incas • arrive in at the same time the Incas were involved in a Civil War – Defeat Incas • Pizarro and his soldiers end up arguing over the gold and they killed him…Karma?

39. How did they do it?? • Right Time – Aztec Legend, Incan Civil War • Other Tribes joined the Spanish against them • Technological Advantage – Guns & Cannons • Horses – Natives had never seen horses • Diseases – Natives had no immunities to European diseases (ex: small pox, measles)

40. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

41. Spanish Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Encomienda -- forced labor on the Native people by the Spanish. Mulattos Mestizos Native Indians Black Slaves

42. Spanish Encomienda • Native Americansforced into Slavery (by Spanish). • When Indians died off, replaced by Africans • Natives required to learn Spanish and most forced to become Catholic

43. What are these Native people losing as they have to change their religion and language?

44. The Puritan Pilgrims

45. The Puritan Pilgrims Why Leave England? • Left England to practice their faith in their way (Freedom of Religion) Survival • Squantotaught the Pilgrims how grow native foods. • That fall the Pilgrims and Friendly Indians celebrated“Thanksgiving”.

46. Mayflower Compact Politics • While On board the Mayflower the leaders developed a Written Set of Rules • Together they signed the MAYFLOWER COMPACT • Set laws for the general good of the settlement and with the will of the majority • This compact established the first basis in the new world for written laws. Mayflower Compact starts a trend of Self Government by these new English Americans

47. The Columbian Exchange – The Massive exchange of plants, animals, diseases, ideas, etc between the Old World and the New World.

48. The “Columbian Exchange” • European conquest of the new world brought changes on both sides • How will this change life in the Old World? • How will this change life in the NEW World?

49. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tidal wave of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

50. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Purpose of a Colony is to provide natural resources and money to the home country. OfficialColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers