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The American Civil War: Two Societies Divided, 1861-1865

Explore the events of the American Civil War, from secession to military stalemates, key battles like Antietam and Gettysburg, the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation, and the role of women and black troops. Learn about the strategies, leaders, and turning points of this pivotal period in American history.

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The American Civil War: Two Societies Divided, 1861-1865

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  1. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR Two Societies at War: 1861-1865

  2. Secession & Military Stalemate 1861-1862 • The Secession Crisis: • SC was first to secede in December 20, 1860 • The Lower South Secedes: • MS, FL, AL, GA, and LA soon followed • Jefferson Davis named President, Alexander Stephens named VP of CSA • Buchanan did not stop secession

  3. The first States secede

  4. The Civil War: Union vs Confederacy

  5. Secession & Military Stalemate 1861-1862 • The Crittenden Compromise: (2 Parts) • Proposed Constitutional amendment to protect slavery where it existed • 36°30’ line would extend permanently to current and future territory • Lincoln did NOT support it – platform was the non-extension of slavery

  6. The Union Plan: Quick War???

  7. Secession & Military Stalemate 1861-1862 • The Upper South Chooses Sides: • April 12, 1862 – Fort Sumter attacked by the South • Ironically, Robert E. Lee was recommended to lead the Union army • Border states (MD, MO, KY, DE, and later, WV) • Geographically important (middle of South and North, rivers), industry • Lincoln had Southern sympathizers arrested in MD

  8. Secession & Military Stalemate 1861-1862 • Setting War Objectives and Devising Strategies: • Confederate Constitution forbid emancipation • Union Thrusts Toward Richmond: • The South won the 1st Battle of Bull Run – demonstrated strength • Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan

  9. Secession & Military Stalemate 1861-1862 • Lee Moves North: Antietam: • Antietam – bloodiest day in US history • North won – led to Emancipation Proclamation • McClellan was dismissed • The War in the Mississippi Valley: • Ulysses S. Grant captured forts on the TN river • Union captured the port city of New Orleans

  10. Toward Total War • Total War – using all of a nations resources in the war effort (used by the North, and later, the South) • Mobilizing Armies and Civilians: • South succeeded in raising volunteers – honor and duty • The Military Draft: • Conscription (draft) – first used by the South, later the North • Both sides allowed substitutes to be hired • Lincoln suspended habeas corpus (allowed people to be arrested and held without trial) • NYC Draft Riots (1863) (“Rich man’s war, but poor man’s fight”) • 100s of people were killed

  11. Toward Total War • Women in Wartime: • Civil War had tremendous social and economic impacts on women: • Widows forced to work, women became nurses • Many women took jobs in factories

  12. Toward Total War • Mobilizing Resources: • North had great advantages • 2/3 of population and RRs • 90% of industry • Southern advantages: • Few, powerful factories • “King Cotton” – powerful trading partner with Europe (England)

  13. Toward Total War • Republican Economic and Fiscal Policies: • Congress improved the infrastructure of the US • Encouraged expansion via Homestead Act and subsidies to RRs • How did the North pay for the war? • Higher tariffs – Republicans raise…., Bonds, printing greenbacks • The South Resorts to Coercion and Inflation: • South resisted taxes to raise $, issued paper $ - severe inflation

  14. The Turning Point: 1863 • Emancipation: • Contraband: • Escaped slaves that crossed over into the Union • Worked at camps and fought in the war • Slavery ended in DC and territories in 1862

  15. The Turning Point: 1863 • The Emancipation Proclamation: • Issues on September 22, 1862, would take effect on January 1, 1863 • Freed all slaves in areas of rebellion in the Confederacy • Slavery not touched in areas in control by North – border states especially • Helped keep Europe out of the war • Changed the aim of the war effort

  16. Emancipation Proclamation

  17. The Turning Point: 1863 • Vicksburg and Gettysburg: • The Battle for the Mississippi: • Vicksburg, MS surrendered to Grant on July 4, 1863 • Many escaped slaves were re-enslaved or killed by the South • Lee’s Advance and Defeat: • Gettysburg – 3 day battle, North won, but suffered heavy losses • Republicans were elected into office • King Cotton failed the South

  18. The Turning Point: Gettysburg

  19. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • Soldiers and Strategy: • The Impact of Black Troops: • 200,000 black troops were recruited by 1865 • 54th Massachusetts Infantry • Black soldiers were paid less than whites

  20. The 54th Regiment attack on Fort Wagner, SC- July 18, 1863 William Carney

  21. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • Capable Generals Take Command: • Grant became head of Union army in 1864 • Heavy casualties under Grant’s leadership • William T. Sherman –invaded Atlanta

  22. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • Stalemate: • Trench system was used • Scorched-earth – Shenandoah Valley was destroyed due to farmers’ support of Confederates

  23. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • The Election of 1864 and Sherman’s March • The National Union Party….. • Andrew Johnson (D from TN) named as Lincoln’s running mate • General McClellan ran for the Democrats • Some Democrats called for peace with the South

  24. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • The Fall of Atlanta and Lincoln’s Victory: • Sherman’s army destroyed RRs • “Copperheads” - Democrats that spoke out against the war • Lincoln won with 55% of the popular vote, large electoral majority • 13th amendment was approved in 1865

  25. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • William T. Sherman: “Hard War” Warrior: • Sherman did not differentiate between civilians and soldiers • March to the Sea – 300 mile march from Atlanta in which everything was destroyed by Sherman and his men • Sherman set some land aside for freed slaves in GA

  26. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • The Confederate Collapse: • Southerners resisted the draft • Blacks were used by the South, but too late in the war effort • April 9, 1865 – Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House • Over 600,000 soldiers (North and South) died in the war

  27. Technology made Civil War . . . The Monitor

  28. More efficient and deadly

  29. After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.

  30. Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

  31. THE RECAP • Election of 1860 • Border South • Total War • How the North paid for the war • Emancipation Proclamation

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