THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

1. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR Two Societies at War: 1861-1865

2. Secession & Military Stalemate 1861-1862 • The Secession Crisis: • SC was first to secede in December 20, 1860 • The Lower South Secedes: • MS, FL, AL, GA, and LA soon followed • Jefferson Davis named President, Alexander Stephens named VP of CSA • Buchanan did not stop secession

3. The first States secede

4. The Civil War: Union vs Confederacy

5. Secession & Military Stalemate 1861-1862 • The Crittenden Compromise: (2 Parts) • Proposed Constitutional amendment to protect slavery where it existed • 36°30’ line would extend permanently to current and future territory • Lincoln did NOT support it – platform was the non-extension of slavery

6. The Union Plan: Quick War???

7. Secession & Military Stalemate 1861-1862 • The Upper South Chooses Sides: • April 12, 1862 – Fort Sumter attacked by the South • Ironically, Robert E. Lee was recommended to lead the Union army • Border states (MD, MO, KY, DE, and later, WV) • Geographically important (middle of South and North, rivers), industry • Lincoln had Southern sympathizers arrested in MD

8. Secession & Military Stalemate 1861-1862 • Setting War Objectives and Devising Strategies: • Confederate Constitution forbid emancipation • Union Thrusts Toward Richmond: • The South won the 1st Battle of Bull Run – demonstrated strength • Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan

9. Secession & Military Stalemate 1861-1862 • Lee Moves North: Antietam: • Antietam – bloodiest day in US history • North won – led to Emancipation Proclamation • McClellan was dismissed • The War in the Mississippi Valley: • Ulysses S. Grant captured forts on the TN river • Union captured the port city of New Orleans

10. Toward Total War • Total War – using all of a nations resources in the war effort (used by the North, and later, the South) • Mobilizing Armies and Civilians: • South succeeded in raising volunteers – honor and duty • The Military Draft: • Conscription (draft) – first used by the South, later the North • Both sides allowed substitutes to be hired • Lincoln suspended habeas corpus (allowed people to be arrested and held without trial) • NYC Draft Riots (1863) (“Rich man’s war, but poor man’s fight”) • 100s of people were killed

11. Toward Total War • Women in Wartime: • Civil War had tremendous social and economic impacts on women: • Widows forced to work, women became nurses • Many women took jobs in factories

12. Toward Total War • Mobilizing Resources: • North had great advantages • 2/3 of population and RRs • 90% of industry • Southern advantages: • Few, powerful factories • “King Cotton” – powerful trading partner with Europe (England)

13. Toward Total War • Republican Economic and Fiscal Policies: • Congress improved the infrastructure of the US • Encouraged expansion via Homestead Act and subsidies to RRs • How did the North pay for the war? • Higher tariffs – Republicans raise…., Bonds, printing greenbacks • The South Resorts to Coercion and Inflation: • South resisted taxes to raise $, issued paper $ - severe inflation

14. The Turning Point: 1863 • Emancipation: • Contraband: • Escaped slaves that crossed over into the Union • Worked at camps and fought in the war • Slavery ended in DC and territories in 1862

15. The Turning Point: 1863 • The Emancipation Proclamation: • Issues on September 22, 1862, would take effect on January 1, 1863 • Freed all slaves in areas of rebellion in the Confederacy • Slavery not touched in areas in control by North – border states especially • Helped keep Europe out of the war • Changed the aim of the war effort

16. Emancipation Proclamation

17. The Turning Point: 1863 • Vicksburg and Gettysburg: • The Battle for the Mississippi: • Vicksburg, MS surrendered to Grant on July 4, 1863 • Many escaped slaves were re-enslaved or killed by the South • Lee’s Advance and Defeat: • Gettysburg – 3 day battle, North won, but suffered heavy losses • Republicans were elected into office • King Cotton failed the South

19. The Turning Point: Gettysburg

20. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • Soldiers and Strategy: • The Impact of Black Troops: • 200,000 black troops were recruited by 1865 • 54th Massachusetts Infantry • Black soldiers were paid less than whites

21. The 54th Regiment attack on Fort Wagner, SC- July 18, 1863 William Carney

22. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • Capable Generals Take Command: • Grant became head of Union army in 1864 • Heavy casualties under Grant’s leadership • William T. Sherman –invaded Atlanta

23. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • Stalemate: • Trench system was used • Scorched-earth – Shenandoah Valley was destroyed due to farmers’ support of Confederates

24. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • The Election of 1864 and Sherman’s March • The National Union Party….. • Andrew Johnson (D from TN) named as Lincoln’s running mate • General McClellan ran for the Democrats • Some Democrats called for peace with the South

25. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • The Fall of Atlanta and Lincoln’s Victory: • Sherman’s army destroyed RRs • “Copperheads” - Democrats that spoke out against the war • Lincoln won with 55% of the popular vote, large electoral majority • 13th amendment was approved in 1865

26. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • William T. Sherman: “Hard War” Warrior: • Sherman did not differentiate between civilians and soldiers • March to the Sea – 300 mile march from Atlanta in which everything was destroyed by Sherman and his men • Sherman set some land aside for freed slaves in GA

28. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • The Confederate Collapse: • Southerners resisted the draft • Blacks were used by the South, but too late in the war effort • April 9, 1865 – Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House • Over 600,000 soldiers (North and South) died in the war

29. Technology made Civil War . . . The Monitor

30. More efficient and deadly

31. After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.

32. Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

33. THE RECAP • Election of 1860 • Border South • Total War • How the North paid for the war • Emancipation Proclamation