Reconstruction and Its Effects: Rebuilding the Nation After the Civil War

1. STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. CH 4-SEC 4 LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT • Describe various Reconstruction plans and analyze the political consequences of the plans. • Describe how Reconstruction affected life in the South for white Southerners and former slaves. • Explain the reasons for the end of Reconstruction.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 4 Reconstruction and Its Effects After the Civil War, the nation embarks on a period known as Reconstruction, during which attempts are made to readmit the South to the Union. NEXT

4. SECTION 4: RECONSTRUCTION The Civil War had ended. Slavery and secession were no more. Now what? How does the Union integrate the South back into American society? How do 4 million newly freed African slaves integrate themselves into society? 1865-1877

5. Reconstruction and Its Effects After the Civil War, the nation embarks on a period known as Reconstruction, during which attempts are made to readmit the South to the Union.

6. 14TH AMENDMENT In 1866, Congress passed the 14th Amendment which provided legal backing to the Civil Rights Act It prevented states from denying rights to people based on race This nullified the Dred Scott decision

7. SECTION 4 Reconstruction and Its Effects The Politics of Reconstruction Building a New South • Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education • Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865–1877) Continued . . . NEXT

8. FREEMEN’SBUREAU Congress also passed the Freemen’s Bureau Actwhich provided much needed aid to African Americans Included in the Act was money for education, hospitals, social services, churches, and help with labor contracts and discrimination cases EDUCATION WAS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE BUREAU

9. THE POLITICS OF RECONSTRUCTION Building a New South Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education Reconstruction— U.S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865–1877)

10. SECTION 4 Reconstruction and Its Effects The Politics of Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan • State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear allegiance to Union • Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient: - want to destroy political power of former slaveholders - want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans Continued . . . NEXT

11. LINCOLN’S PLAN Lincoln made it clear that he favored a lenient Reconstruction policy His Ten Percent Plancalled for a pardon of all Confederates who would swear allegiance to Union (oath), a state would be readmitted into the Union Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient: want to destroy political power of former slaveholder want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans

12. SECTION 4 continuedThe Politics of Reconstruction Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction • Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own plan • Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners • Congress rejects new Southern governments, congressmen Continued . . . NEXT

13. Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction After Lincoln’s death, his VP & successor Andrew Johnson announced his own plan It differed only slightly from Lincolns: He excluded high ranking Confederates and wealthy planters from the oath, but did pardon 13,000 while contending that “White men alone must manage the South” Congress rejects new Southern governments, congressmen

14. SECTION 4 continuedThe Politics of Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction • Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s Bureau Act (1866) • Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to African Americans • Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into districts Continued . . . NEXT

15. CONGRESS PLAN Congress worked hard to shift the focus of Reconstruction from the President to the Congress In 1866, Congress overrode President Johnson’s veto and passed the Civil Rights Act, the Freedmen’s Bureau Act (1866) passed Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to African Americans Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into districts Congress overrode Johnson’s veto of Freedmen’s Bureau

16. CHP4:4:A • Lincoln and Johnson favored a lenient approach to Southerners. • Radicals: wanted to punish the South severely and wanted to grant African Americans civil rights, including voting rights. A – How did the views of President Lincoln and Johnson on Reconstruction differ from the views of the Radical Republicans?

17. SECTION 4 continuedThe Politics of Reconstruction Johnson Impeached • House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction; Senate does not convict NEXT

18. JOHNSON IMPEACHED Radical Republicans felt Johnson was blocking Reconstruction efforts Thus, they looked for grounds to impeach him They found grounds when he fired a cabinet member in violation of the “Tenure of Office Act” He was impeached, but not convicted and served out his term

19. CHP4:4:A • Republicans gained control of Congress; • they passed the Reconstruction Act 1867, which required the states to grant the vote to African-Americans men. B – How did the election of 1866 affect the process of Reconstruction?

21. SECTION 4 continuedThe Politics of Reconstruction U. S. Grant Elected • Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10 African-American votes • Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of African Americans NEXT

22. U. S. Grant Elected 1868 Civil War hero U.S. Grant ran as a Republican against Democratic nominee Horatio Seymour Grant won by a margin of 300,000 in the popular vote Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10 African-American votes Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of African Americans

24. 15th AMENDMENT Soon after Grant’s election, Congress passed the 15th Amendment This amendment stated that no one could be kept from voting because of “race, color, or previous servitude” The 15th Amendment was ratified in 1870

25. CHP4:4:A • Republicans need the African-American vote in order to have a voice in the South. C – Why was the African-American vote so important to the Republicans?

26. SECTION 4 Reconstructing Society Conditions in the Postwar South • By 1870, all former Confederate states have rejoined Union • Republican governments begin public works programs, social services Continued . . . NEXT

27. ECONOMIC Conditions in the Postwar South The South went through significant changes after the war The economy was in ruins and they lost hundreds of thousands of young men Republicans now dominated politically, but often with conflicting goals • By 1870, all former Confederate states have rejoined Union • Republican governments begin public works programs, social services MANY SOUTHERN CITIES SUFFERED EXTENSIVE DAMAGE

28. SECTION 4 Reconstructing Society Politics in the Postwar South • Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans, want to improve position • Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to the South after the war • Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal rights for blacks Continued . . . NEXT

29. Politics in the Postwar SouthSOUTHERN REPUBLICANS 3 groups made up the bulk of Southern Republicans 1) Scalawags:These were white farmers (Small farms) joined Republican party. 2) Carpetbaggers: These were Northerners who came South in search of opportunity after the war 3) African Americans: Former slaves- 90% of whom were Republican Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal rights for blacks CARPETBAGGERS SCALAWAGS

30. RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 Congressional Republicans again joined forces to pass the Reconstruction Act This act voided the state governments formed in the South under the Presidential plans and instead divided the south into 5 military districts The states were required to grant black men the right to vote and to ratify the 14th Amendment “First Vote” This image depicts an artisan, a businessman and a soldier standing in line to cast their first ballot.

32. SECTION 4 continuedReconstructing Society Former Slaves Improve Their Lives • Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders • Republican governments, church groups found schools, universities • Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs African Americans in Reconstruction • Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first black senator Sharecropping and Tenant Farming • Sharecropping—tofarm land owned by another, keep only part of crops • Tenant farmers rent land from owner NEXT

33. SOCIAL PROBLEMSFormer Slaves Improve Lives African Americans took an active role in the political process in the South They voted in record numbers and many ran for office Hiram Revels was the first black Senator Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders Republican governments, church groups found schools, universities Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs African Americans in Reconstruction • Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels senator – Mississippi 14 serve in the House of Representatives

35. 40 ACRES AND A MULE Despite Sherman’s promise of “40 acres and a mule” few former slaves received anything Republicans considered property to be a sacred right Therefore, most plantation owners kept their land SPIKE LEE’S PRODUCTION COMPANY IS CALLED 40 ACRES AND A MULE

36. Sharecropping and Tenant Farming Without land of their own, Southern African Americans could not grow their own crops Thus, many became sharecroppers– a system be which families were given a small plot of land to work in exchange for some of the crops ARKANSAS SHARECROPPERS

37. SHARECROPPING IN THE SOUTH - 1880

38. CHP4:4:A • Scalawags: wanted to prevent wealthy planters from regaining power. • Carpetbaggers: saw an opportunity to gain power, supported equal rights. • African-Americans: wanted civil rights. D – Why did scalawags, carpetbaggers, and African Americans support the Radicals?

39. SECTION 4 The Collapse of Reconstruction The Collapse of Reconstruction • Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to: - destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans - to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children • Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South • In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s Bureau expires Continued . . . NEXT

40. The Collapse of Reconstruction While some Southern whites participated in the new governments, voted in elections, and reluctantly accepted African Americans---others were very resentful and formed hate groups Most famous vigilante group was the Ku Klux Klan • Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to: - destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans - to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children • Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South • In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s Bureau expires

41. KU KLUX KLAN The Klan was formed by disgruntled Confederate soldiers whose goals included: destroying the Republican Party, aiding the planter class, and preventing blacks from integrating into society Estimates range as high as attributed to the Klan whose membership peaked at almost 4 million in the 1920s

42. SECTION 4 The Collapse of Reconstruction • Support for Reconstruction Fades • Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s attention • Supreme Court rules against Radical Republican changes Continued . . . NEXT

43. Support for Reconstruction Fades When Congress passed the Amnesty Act returning voting rights to 150,000 Confederates and allowed the Freedmen’s Bureau to expire—it became clear that Southern Democrats were back in political control • Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s attention • Supreme Court rules against Radical Republican changes

44. CHP4:4:A • African-Americans took an active role in the political process, voting and holding office in local, state, and federal government. E – How did Southern African Americans respond to their new status?

45. SECTION 4 continuedThe Collapse of Reconstruction • Democrats “Redeem” the South • Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal ends Reconstruction NEXT

46. Democrats “Redeem” the South Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal ends Reconstruction • Lack of Republican unity in the South and an economic downturn that diverted attention from Southern issues, caused Democrats to regain control of the South • Called “Redeemers” these politicians were out to reclaim Southern Culture and tradition • The Reconstruction Era was over

47. CHP4:4:A • In 1872, Congress passed the Amnesty Act, which returned the right to vote and the right to hold federal and state offices to former confederates.  F – How did the Southern Democrats regain political power?

48. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT One of the important acts passed by Congress was the Civil Rights Act -1866 This law gave African Americans citizenship and forbade states from passing laws discriminating against former slaves (Black Codes) FROM HARPER’S MAGAZINE 1866 – BLACKS CELEBRATE