Cesare Costantino

1. How to “educate” the users to the potential of using environmental accounts for development policies: the case of Italy Cesare Costantino 10th London Group Meeting United Nations Headquarter Complex New York, 10-21 June 2006

2. “Educating” the users: a special issue for environmental accounting SEEA: Chapter 11 (on applications and policy uses) examples what can reasonably be done by statistical offices on their own and what they would have to undertake in collaboration with other agencies Issues included in the research agenda need for “educating” the users to the potential of using the accounting approach for analysis and policy making C. Costantino - Istat

3. The Italian experience • Promotion • Adoption of high leveldecisions • Discussion in the Parliament how to make users’ aware about the potential of using environmental accounts still a crucial issue in Italy C. Costantino - Istat

4. Joint work by Istat and the Ministry of Economy and Finance • project launched in autumn 2004 • aimed at identifying ways in which environmental accounting can improve the design, monitoring and evaluation of development policies • national knowledge management program adopted by the CIPE • follow up launched in spring 2006 Difficulties in managing the financialresources obtained C. Costantino - Istat

5. Istat’s partner in the project Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) Department for Development and Cohesion Policies Public Investment Technical Evaluation and Monitoring Unit Public Investment Evaluation Unit (UVAL) UVAL provides: • technical support to public administrations. Specific tasks include to help improveeffective spendingand to favour better performance of European structural funds • evaluations of various aspects of investment programmes and development projects especially interested inregional environmental accounts C. Costantino - Istat

6. Main results of the Istat - Ministry of Economy and Finance joint project Specific objectives reached: • defined a framework • identified a subset of environmental accounting aggregatesespecially important for development policies • calculated, on an experimental basisandby way of example, regional estimates of some of the aggregates identified as especially important; • formulated general hypotheses in order to start up a system of periodic production of selected environmental accounting data on a regional scale • disseminated a methodological document: “Development policies and the environment: using environmental accounts for better decision making” (htpp://www.dps.mef.gov.it/materialiuval) C. Costantino - Istat

7. Main steps of the joint work • concept of development policy in operational terms • UVAL experts aware about thefeatures of environm. accounting and the specific outputs stemming from it • examples of policy-makers’ questions concerning environmental issues, to which environmental accounting data can provide proper answers • generalising of the policy-makers’ demand and the corresponding supply by environm. accountants • priorities for further workon environmental accounting at Istat C. Costantino - Istat

8. Operational definition of the development policy concept focus on capital government decisions aimed at either directly or indirectly helping to conserve and increase the stock of public and private capital enlarged concept of capital produced capital, human capital, natural capital, knowledge capital, social capital the natural capital according to the SEEA concept and guidelines (e.g. & 1.23 of the handbook on the different functions of the natural capital) C. Costantino - Istat

9. Main features of development policies • objectives conservation/ growth of the capital stock (different forms) conservation/ growth of the stock of a given form of cap (specific components) reduction of territorial disparities concerning capital stock • target groups different institutional sectors, different industries, different social groups • instruments public expenditure fiscal system regulation public help for capacity building focus on allocation of expenditureto stocks of capital, sectors, territories C. Costantino - Istat

10. Allocative decisions by kind and related policy-maker questions C. Costantino - Istat

11. Allocative decisions by kind and related policy-maker questions C. Costantino - Istat

12. Allocative decisions by kind and related policy-maker questions C. Costantino - Istat

13. Answers fromenvironmental accounts SEEA and ESEA stress on main topics addressed, main phenomena described and their type, stage of the DPSIR circuit at issue framework environmental accounting modules for which handbooks, compilation guides, standard tables are available within the ESS: EW-MFA, NAMEA, EPEA, asset accounts focus on - direct use of empirical evidence provided by env. accounts - indirect use of data provided by env. accounts as an input for modelling how examples based on data regularly produced by Istat C. Costantino - Istat

14. Questions-answers: a framework C. Costantino - Istat

15. The potential of using env. accounts at the individual decision stages Choice of objectives • allocation of resources among forms of capital the information provided by environmental accounts for the different forms of natural capital is of crucial importance, becausethe degradation of the natural resources in question can, in the medium- to long-term, compromise the prospects for development of key economic sectors • allocation of resources among territories the information makes it possible to take into account the differences in the respective environmental situations deemed capable of impacting on the gaps in development C. Costantino - Istat

16. The potential of using env. accounts at the individual decision stages Choice of policyinstruments • choice ofmechanism (expenditure, fiscal and/or regulation policies) the information provided by environmental accounts is deemed reduced • choice oftarget groups the informationappears especially important. Environmental accounts can also provide indications for the fine-tuning of the parameters of intervention tools (for example, determination of the price changes needed to bring about changes in behaviour) C. Costantino - Istat

17. Value added of the individual environmental accounts In relation to allocative decisions • environmental accounts able, by their very nature, to provide useful support for some decisions, not for others • able to provide useful support by favouring the reading of certain information at times and the reading of other information at other times:they can be read at various levels and for various objectives • able to provide information not otherwise available from other sources • able to provide more complete and/or more detailedinformation compared with other sources C. Costantino - Istat

18. Value added of the individual environmental accounts For purposes of ex post evaluation of development policies • the potential of using environmental accounts appears to be reduced, due to the difficulty of distinguishing the effects of the public intervention and effects originating from other causes C. Costantino - Istat

19. A prioritisation exercise key factors: importance for development policies, feasibility C. Costantino - Istat

20. The case of Italy: some lessons learnt • Users’ interest • money for the project obtained from a public fund for the enhancement of knowledge in general, not from a budget specific for environmental issues • users’ willingness to assess the potential of using environmental accounts due to their involvement in public expenditure • Users’ capacity to understand environm. accounting • examples ofpolicy-makers’ questions concerning environmental issues to which environmental accounting data can provide proper answers • calculation of indicators identified as especially important • focus on data regularly produced • Funding • after all,despite the Ministry’s willingness to pay, the society on the one hand and the statistical system on the other hand are not really engaged in developing environmental accounts and their use C. Costantino - Istat

21. questions/points for discussion • How to arouse users’ interest • focusing on the need to integrate environmental and economic aspects as a standing alone point, or making a major effort to address knowledge issues with reference to overall sustainable development? • are there specific users’ interests (e.g. improving public expenditure) on which it is advisable to focus on? • Finding best ways to dialogue with users • to make use of a “questions-answers framework”? • to avoid controversial issues, starting discussion from those accounts for which handbooks, compilation guides, standard tables are available,? • to concentrate on environmental accounts/aggregates deemed especially important? • to start discussion from those accounts that are already produced on a regular basis? • what else? C. Costantino - Istat

22. questions/points for discussion • To develop “methodological” documents specifically aimed at “educating” users? • Can an action aimed at “educating” users help to elevate the SEEA to an international statistical standard? and if so, how? • How to make the society and the statistical system actually engaged in developing environmental accounts and their use? C. Costantino - Istat

23. Thank you for your kind attention C. Costantino - Istat