America's Role in World War II: Pacific Advances and Home Front Mobilization

1. Unit #7BAmerica in World War II Chapter 30 The Second World War

2. APUSH PowerPoint #7.7(Part 1 of 1) Unit #7 Chapter 23 BFW Textbook (eBook) – “The World at War” (1937—1945) TOPIC – The Second World War [1919-1945]

3. The United States in Early Battles Section I

4. Allies Stem the Japanese Tide— The United States made gains in the Pacific using its aircraft carriers and submarines. Japanese Advances— Japan made great gains in capturing much of coastal China, Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, and various islands in the western Pacific (December, 1941 – June 1942). Allied Retreat in the Pacific

5. Japanese Advances & Allied Response Allied Retreat in the Pacific

6. Jimmy Doolittle’s Raid— United States colonel who led a raid against Japan (April 18, 1942) and bombed Tokyo. Allied Retreat in the Pacific

7. Doolittle’s Raid— Proved that Japan was vulnerable and forced Japanese leaders to initiate an invasion of Midway Island in the Pacific. Allied Retreat in the Pacific

8. Douglas MacArthur— Commanding general in the Philippines and attempted to defend the region with 80,000 men. Bataan was lost by the Allies. American troops were captured and suffered terrible deaths to their Japanese captors. Allied Retreat in the Pacific

9. Philippines Invaded by Japan & Japanese Offensives— Allied Retreat in the Pacific

10. Battle of the Coral Sea— Historic maritime battle (May, 1942) in which both Allied and Japanese ships were attacked by the others’ carrier aircraft (and never attacked one-another face-to-face). The battle was a draw (neither side claimed victory). Allied Retreat in the Pacific

11. Battle of the Coral Sea— Allied Retreat in the Pacific

12. Chester Nimitz— Commanding admiral of the United States 7th Fleet at stationed at Pearl Harbor. Nimitz . . . committed his only three carriers to the Battle of Midway, and was aided by breaking some of the Japanese code. Battle of Midway

13. Battle of Midway— The battle was a turning-point in the war against Japan as a small United States force of three carriers and escort ships thwarted the Japanese attack on Midway. Japan lost four carriers, 250 planes. United States aviators avenged Pearl Harbor by attacking the same ships used in the attack on December 7, 1941. Allowed the United States to begin “island-hopping” by opening up the Pacific for an Allied offensive. Battle of Midway

14. Battle of Midway Battle of Midway

15. U.S.S. Yorktown (Repelling Japanese attack) Battle of Midway

16. United States “Dauntless” dive bombers attack Japanese carriers Battle of Midway

17. Battle of Midway Battle of Midway

18. Mobilization at Home Section II

19. Americans Join the War Effort— Americans embraced the battle cry, “Remember Pearl Harbor!” in an effort to win the war. Selective Service— Both volunteers and drafted men made up a force of 16 million men in uniform (1941—1945). Mobilization of the Armed Forces

20. George C. Marshall— Army Chief of Staff general who worked with FDR on mobilization for the war of nearly 16 million men. Mobilization of the Armed Forces

21. Industrial Response— By 1942, assembly plants retooled for war: Automobile manufacturers produced tanks, planes, etc. Shipyards and defense plants expanded by creating cargo carriers, tankers, troop transports, and combat ships. Economic Conversion to War

22. Financing the War— FDR wanted to finance the war through taxes, but the Congressional reaction to taxation was conservative in nature and passed the Revenue Act of 1942 providing about $7 billion (only about half of what was recommended by the Treasury Department). The sale of bonds allowed the public finance through debt (By the end of the war, the national debt was $260 billion). In 1943, Congress passed a law to expand the income tax and created withholding to increase the funds in the treasury and reduce consumer spending. Economic Conversion to War

23. Impact of the War Economy— Personal Incomes rose as inflation grew as consumer products gave way to war products. Efforts to Control Prices were somewhat ignored and prices did rise due to shortages. Efforts to control wages & farm prices were given to the president with the passage of the Stabilization Act of 1942 Seizure of Industries occurred as the government seized needed supplies from mines and transportation through the railroads. Impact of the War on the Economy

24. Office of Price Administration— Created to help fight inflation caused by the war effort shortages in the private sector. Rationing— The establishment of fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for the military. Impact of the War on the Economy

25. War Productions Board (WPB)— Was responsible for making sure industry had the resources to win the war. Women participated in the war effort by going to work in the factories. Impact of the War on the Economy

26. Congressional Elections of 1942— Congressional Elections of 1942 ushered a new wave of Republican conservatism (even more in the South through conservative Democrats). Abolition of New Deal Agencies— Abolition of New Deal Agencies including the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Anti-Labor Actions— Florida and Arkansas outlawed the “closed shop” making way for the right-to-work laws. Domestic Conservatism

27. Defense Contracts— As the mobilization of the nation intensified, so did the migration of people west . Population Growth— Population growth occurred in western states and cities along the west coast. Development of the West Coast

28. Social Effects of the War Section III

29. Women’s Army Corps (WAC)— Women volunteers would serve in non-combative roles. Women & the War

30. Women in the Civilian Workforce— Nearly five million women went to work in the factories. Women & the War

31. A. Phillip Randolph— Black civil rights leader in the 1930s and 1940s who pressured President Franklin Roosevelt to end discriminatory practices in government-funding training, employment, and armed services. When he threatened to march on the national capital, FDR issued Executive Order 8802 (which assured fair hiring practices and established the Fair Employment Practices Committee). Blacks & the War

32. The War in Europe Section VI

33. War Plans— Both FDR and Churchill made long-term strategic plans to do the following . . . First, gain the upper hand in Europe by defeating Italy and Germany. Second, pour resources into the Pacific to defeat Japan. “Europe First” Strategy

34. Battle of Stalingrad— The turning point of the war in Eastern Europe. The German offensive into Russia began in 1942: Stalingrad was almost taken by Germany, but the winter of 1942-43 resulted in a victory by the Soviet Union. Nearly one million soldiers deaths occurred in the battle. The German Sixth Army eventually surrendered 60,000 surviving troops. The Soviet Union began an offensive toward Germany which did not stop until Spring of 1945 when they arrived in Berlin. Battle of Stalingrad

35. Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad

36. Dwight D. Eisenhower— Led the Allied invasion of North Africa. Picked by FDR and Churchill to later became the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe over all Allied forces. Dwight D. Eisenhower “Ike”

37. Omar Bradley— United States general who led the First Army assault on Utah and Omaha Beaches during the Battle of D-Day. Bradley’s men punched a hole in the German defenses on the road to Paris. Was very popular among his men. Omar Bradley

38. George Patton— United States general who led forces against the Germans in North Africa, Sicily, and the Italian mainland (1942-43). Led Third Army during D-Day and the months followed (1944-45), seized Paris, and liberated the city. Very controversial leadership. Aggressive commander who always pushed forward. George Patton

39. North African Front— Known as “Operation Torch” and was the combined British and American invasion of North Africa. North African Campaign

40. Erwin Rommel— Commander of the German Afrika Korps – Also known as the “Desert Fox.” North African Campaign

41. Dwight D. Eisenhower— Led the Allied invasion of North Africa. Picked by FDR and Churchill to later became the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe over all Allied forces. Casablanca

42. Battle of the Atlantic— Hitler began excessive U-Boat attacks along the east coast of the United States. U-Boats sank over 1,000 ships in 1942. Allied strategy incorporated a convoy system to ferry supplies and men between America and Europe. Attacks on U-Boats increased by the Allied Powers. The Battle of the Atlantic changed by mid-1943 in favor of the Allies. Battle of the Atlantic

43. Battle of the Atlantic Battle of the Atlantic

44. Battle of the Atlantic Battle of the Atlantic

45. Invasion of Sicily— Began in the summer of July 9 – August 17, 1943 with the capture of Sicily. Led by British General Bernard Montgomery and American General George Patton. Invasion of Sicily

46. Invasion of Sicily— Began in the summer of 1943 with the capture of Sicily and later the mainland by United States and British forces. Invasion of Sicily

47. Italian Campaign— Began in the summer of 1943 with the capture of Sicily and later the mainland by United States and British forces. Mussolini Resigns— “Il Duce” was forced to resign and arrested in July 1943 forcing Hitler to commit troops to defend Germany on Italian ground. Invasion of Italy

48. Italian Campaign— Began in the summer of 1943 with the capture of Sicily and later the mainland by United States and British forces. Invasion of Italy

49. Allied Bombing of German-Occupied Europe— From 1942—1945, German cities were bombed from bases in England by the United States Army Air Corps and Royal Air Force. Strategic Bombing in Europe

50. Allied Bombing of Germany— Strategic Bombing in Europe