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Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Learn about the phases of cell cycle, mitosis, and cytokinesis, as well as the significance of chromosome duplication, haploid vs. diploid cells, and the differences between mitosis and meiosis. Explore the intricate process of cell division and its importance in growth and development.

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Cell Cycle and Mitosis

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  1. Cell Cycle and Mitosis

  2. Cell Cycle • Cell Cycle = the entire cycle of a cell from one division to the next • Interphase (G1, S, G2) = between cell divisions • M Phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis) = cell division

  3. Interphase • Most of the time, a cell is in Interphase • G1 (Gap1) • Cell grows, copies organelles • Protein synthesis and all normal activities of cell (like cellular respiration) are carried out

  4. Interphase • S (Synthesis) • DNA is copied • Protein synthesis, cellular respiration occur • Cell continues to grow, copy organelles • G2 (Gap2) • Cell growth continues • Protein synthesis and cellular respiration occur

  5. M Phase • Mitosis = division of the nucleus • Cytokinesis = division of the rest of cytoplasm and its contents • Results in 2 identical daughter cells

  6. Duplicating Chromosomes • Before cell division can occur, all of the DNA must be copied in S phase • After duplication, you have 2 sister chromatids per chromosome

  7. Chromosome BEFORE duplication Chromosome AFTER duplication Chromosome after mitosis Sister Chromatids • Sister Chromatids = identical copies of a chromosome • Centromere = where sister chromatids are attached to one another

  8. Question… • Why do chromosomes duplicate? • To have a copy of DNA for each new daughter cell

  9. Haploid vs. Diploid • Diploid (2n) • 2 copies of each chromosome • All somatic cells are diploid (non-gametes) • Haploid (n) • 1 copy of each chromosome • Sperm and egg are haploid

  10. Mitosis vs. Meiosis • Mitosis • Results in 2 identical diploid daughter cells from the original diploid cell • Meiosis • Results in 4 nonidentical haploid cells from one original diploid cell

  11. Phases of Mitosis • Prophase • Prometaphase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase “Pay Me AnyTime”

  12. Phases of Mitosis • Prophase (P) • Chromosomes begin to condense into chromatids • Mitotic spindle forming • Prometaphase • Chromosomes condensed & attached to spindle fibers, nuclear envelope in fragments

  13. Phases of Mitosis • Metaphase (M) • Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell • Anaphase (A) • The spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart • Telophase (T) • Nuclear Envelope reforms

  14. Overview: Phases of Mitosis

  15. Cell Plate Cleavage Furrow Cytokinesis • Cytokinesis differs between Animal and Plant cells • Animal Cells – forms a cleavage furrow • Cells narrow and pinch off from each other • Plant Cells- forms a cell plate

  16. Binary Fission • Bacteria don’t go through mitosis • Why not? • No nucleus, just free floating DNA • Steps of Binary Fission • Cell grows in size • Copy DNA • Split cell into 2 new cells

  17. Cancer • Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth • Usually, the cell cycle is controlled by a variety of checkpoints and molecules • Cancer cells do not respond to these checkpoints  keep on dividing • Cancer cells no longer perform their normal functions, steal nutrients from other cells, crowd out other cells.

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