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Learning Objectives: Where do the elements come from? What can we learn from telescopes?

The Origin of Chemical Elements. Learning Objectives: Where do the elements come from? What can we learn from telescopes? How do heavy elements form?. What happens in stars?. What happens to the missing mass?. Why do you think two anti-electrons are released?.

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Learning Objectives: Where do the elements come from? What can we learn from telescopes?

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  1. The Origin of Chemical Elements Learning Objectives: Where do the elements come from? What can we learn from telescopes? How do heavy elements form?

  2. What happens in stars? What happens to the missing mass? Why do you think two anti-electrons are released? The equation below shows a typical fusion reaction that occurs in stars. It is interesting to note that the overall mass of the reactants is bigger than the overall mass of the products. Drag the labels in the correct place. Is this equation balanced? In what sense is/isn’t it? What happens to the reactants in this process? Helium Ion Positron Hydrogen Ion Where do the elements come from?

  3. How do stars “burn”? Do you think this energy is large or small? Why? What do E, m and c mean? How many reactions like this one do you think occur in a star every second? Einstein discovered that: What other reactions could occur in a star? Would they produce more or less energy? ALT + Click to edit this text, or delete and use INK for PowerPoint (the interactive pen in the bottom left corner) to write your conclusions! Use the information below and the above equation to work out the energy released by the fusion reaction Reactants mass = 6.69x10-27 kg Products mass = 6.64x10-27 kg Where do the elements come from?

  4. Binding Energy Curve What can you notice about the Binding Energy per Nucleon in different elements? Compare the B.E. Per Nucleon of He and H. What can you notice? The binding energy per nucleon is a measurement of the energy that holds each particle (nucleon) in the nucleus of an atom. Could you use this graph to predict the energy released by nuclear reactions? Explain your answer Which is the most stable element? Why did you choose that one? Average Binding Energy per Nucleon (1.66 x 10-13 J) Where do the elements come from?

  5. Binding Energy Curve Drag the labels in the correct place on the graph. In this region nuclear fission happens In this region nuclear fusion happens Average Binding Energy per Nucleon (1.66 x 10-13 J) In this region nuclei are very stable

  6. Rapid Star Formations The next three images show the same region of rapid star formation in the Orion Nebula and the wavelengths emitted by the cosmic gas surrounding these newly born stars. Use the information in these images to discuss the possible consequences of the presence of these molecules in such regions. What can we learn from telescopes?

  7. What types of molecules are these? What elements can you spot in this emission spectrum? What would your Biology teacher associate these molecules with? What would you Chemistry teacher associate these molecules with? Orion Nebula (Herschel Space Observatory) What can we learn from telescopes?

  8. Do you think Scientists expected to find these molecules in young star forming regions? Explain your answer. Were you expecting to find these molecules in young star forming regions? Would you expect to find heavier elements like Iron in this region? Why? What other elements are formed in a young star? What can we learn from telescopes?

  9. What do the sharp peaks in the spectral graph mean? Which molecule is most abundant in this star forming region? Why are these molecules important? Why are Scientists interested in them? Do you think Scientists are looking at a particular part of the EM Spectrum here? Why? Orion Nebula (Herschel Space Observatory) What can we learn from telescopes?

  10. What is this type of star called? In what stage of its life is this star? What elements would you expect this star to produce when it comes to the end of its life? What will happen to this star eventually according to the theory of evolution of stars? VY CanisMajoris (Herschel) What can we learn from telescopes?

  11. Why is this called Tycho’s Supernova? What elements can you spot in this emission spectrum? Would we be able to see these Supernova remnants, if we used the same instruments Thyco used? Why? Compare the elements from this supernova with the elements surrounding young stars. What can you notice? Tycho's Supernova How do heavy elements form?

  12. A postcard to Tycho Brahe Complete the postcard below to tell Tycho Brahe how much we have discovered about “his” Supernova and other stars with modern telescopes Tycho Brahe Benátky nad Jizerou Front of Postcard Back of Postcard Czech Republic 11th November 1572 How do heavy elements form?

  13. What have we learnt? • Where do the elements come from? A variety of elements are found in regions surrounding relatively young stars • What can we learn from telescopes? Modern telescopes (especially space telescopes) allow us to observe all the EM waves emitted by stars, not just visible light • How do heavy elements form? Heavy elements like Iron are found in remnants of dead stars (Supernovae) and this suggests that such elements form in the last stages of the life of a star Learning outcomes

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