Unit #7A

1. Unit #7A Chapter 25 America & the Great War

2. The First World War

3. APUSH PowerPoint #7.3 (Part 1 of 1) Unit #7 Chapter 20 BFW Textbook (eBook) – “An Emerging World Power” (1914—1919) TOPIC – First World War [1890-1910]

4. Section I Woodrow Wilson & Foreign Affairs

5. Wilson & Foreign Affairs: Woodrow Wilson [1913 – 1921] – • Wilson served two terms as president. • His foreign policy was labeled “Moral Diplomacy” due to his ideological nature to solve problems peacefully.

6. Section II World War I & Early United States Involvement

7. World War I & Early United States Involvement Main Idea World War I began as nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances in Europe brought the world into conflict. As the First World War intensified, the United States was forced to abandon its neutrality.

8. Causes of the First World War: Nationalism— • A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation leading to antagonistic rivalries between nations.

9. Causes of the First World War: Imperialism— • The economic and political control over various peoples of the world in an effort to supply raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.

10. Causes of the First World War: Militarism— • The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy. Kaiser Wilhelm II and his troops (c. 1914)

11. Causes of the First World War: Triple Alliance (1882) – Germany Austria-Hungary Italy. Triple Entente (1907) – France Britain Russia.

12. Archduke Franz Ferdinand— Heir to the Austrian–Hungarian throne. When visiting Sarajevo in July 28, 1914, he was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip). Sparked an international crisis between alliances.*** Assassination Leads to War: Franz Ferdinand, wife Sophia, and children

13. The alliance system in Europe pulled one nation after another into conflict. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia . . . Russia (allied with Serbia) declared war on Austria-Hungary . . . Germany(allied with Austria-Hungary) declared war on Russia . . . France(allied with Russia) declared war on Germany . . . Britain (allied with France) declared war on Germany . . . Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire side with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Six other European nations side with Serbia, Britain, Russia, and France.

14. The Allied Powers: Allies or Allied Powers– • Britain, France, Russia (withdrew 1917), Belgium, Italy (entered 1915), Portugal, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro, and the United States (entered 1917).

15. The Central Powers: Central Powers – • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

16. The “Great War” in Europe:

17. World War I: Green– Allied Powers Yellow– Central Powers Gray– Neutral Nations

18. Invasion of Belgium: “Schlieffen Plan” – • Germany’s offensive plan which included: - A holding action against Russia. - A quick invasion of Belgium into France.

19. Battles of the Western Front (1914—1916): First Battle of the Marne– • September, 1914. • The Allies stop the German advance on Paris.

20. Battles of the Western Front (1914—1916): Battle of Verdun – • February--July 1916. • French hold the line in the longest battle of the war.

21. Battles of the Western Front (1914—1916): Battle of the Somme – • July – November, 1916. • Disastrous British offensive.

22. Trench Warfare— Phenomenon of WW I. Armies fought for yards of ground over a period of time ending in a stalemate. “No Man’s Land”— Barren expanse of land located between trenches. Trench Warfare:

23. Americans Question Neutrality: Divided Loyalties— • Socialists in the United States criticized the war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England in an effort to support imperialism. • Millions of Americans followed the war due to their family ties from the nations they (or their parents) left in Europe.

24. The War Hits Home: The British Blockade— • As fighting on land continued, Britain began to blockade the German coast to prevent weapons and supplies getting through. • American companies became angry at Britain’s blockade.

25. The War Hits Home: German U-Boats— • Germany responded to the blockade with the “unterseeboot” or (submarine). • Any ship in British waters would be sunk.

26. The War Hits Home: Sinking of the S.S. Lusitania— • On May 7, 1915, a German U-boat sank a British ocean-liner killing 1,200 passengers including 128 Americans. • United States public opinion turned against Germany and the Central Powers.

27. Economic Links to the War: Exports to Europe— • The United States economic ties to the Allies was much stronger than the Central Powers. • The British blockade prevented United States trade with Germany. • Orders from both the British and French governments stimulated the American economy and boosted production of war supplies to the Allies.

28. Presidential Election of 1916: Presidential Election of 1916— • The Republicans nominated Charles Hughes. • The Democrats nominated President Wilson for a second term who promised to keep the United States “out of war.” Charles Hughes President Wilson

29. Presidential Election of 1916: Presidential Election of 1916

30. Stalemate: Fighting in Europe— • After two years of fighting German advances, Allied forces became demoralized as fighting intensified on the Western Front. • A political group in Russian called the Bolsheviks attempted to take over the nation in 1917. • Russia fell into civil war due to an internal struggle between Czar Nicholas II (supported by the White Army) and communist forces (supported by the Red Army).

31. Russian Revolution: Bolsheviks— • The political group, led by Vladimir Lenin, which wanted economic, political, and social reforms in Russia and set up the first communist state. • Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto was used as a guide to worldwide revolution. • The Russian Civil War allowed Germany to send more troops to the Western Front.

32. The Zimmermann Telegram: “Zimmermann Telegram”— • A telegram from the German foreign minister to Mexico (which was intercepted by British agents) proposing an alliance between the nations. • In the telegram, Germany proposed that Mexico receive lost territory in exchange for it siding with the Central Powers. • Americans became furious as a result of the telegram.

33. The Zimmermann Telegram: BERLIN, JANUARY 19, 1917WE INTEND TO BEGIN ON THE FIRST OF FEBRUARY UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE.  WE SHALL ENDEAVOR IN SPITE OF THIS TO KEEP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NEUTRAL.  IN THE EVENT OF THIS NOT SUCCEEDING, WE MAKE MEXICO A PROPOSAL OF ALLIANCE ON THE FOLLOWING BASIS:  MAKE WAR TOGETHER, MAKE PEACE TOGETHER, GENEROUS FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND AN UNDERSTANDING ON OUR PART THAT MEXICO IS TO RECONQUER THE LOST TERRITORY IN TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, AND ARIZONA.  THE SETTLEMENT IN DETAIL IS LEFT TO YOU.  YOU WILL INFORM THE PRESIDENT [OF MEXICO] OF THE ABOVE MOST SECRETLY AS SOON AS THE OUTBREAK OF WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IS CERTAIN AND ADD THE SUGGESTION THAT HE SHOULD, ON HIS OWN INITIATIVE, INVITE JAPAN TO IMMEDIATE ADHERENCE AND AT THE SAME TIME MEDIATE BETWEEN JAPAN AND OURSELVES.  PLEASE CALL THE PRESIDENT'S ATTENTION TO THE FACT THAT THE RUTHLESS EMPLOYMENT OF OUR SUBMARINES NOW OFFERS THE PROSPECT OF COMPELLING ENGLAND IN A FEW MONTHS TO MAKE PEACE. ZIMMERMANN

34. Section III United States Entry into the War ****

35. Opposition to War: Antiwar Activity in the United States— Many Americans opposed the United States involvement in the fighting and were primarily from the West and Midwest . . . • Populists, Progressives, and Socialists • William Jennings Bryan (Woodrow Wilson’s Secretary of State) • Jane Addams (Progressive reformer) • Pacifists and conscientious objectors • Robert La Follette (Progressive governor of Wisconsin)

36. Opposition to War: Jeannette Rankin- • Rankin was the first woman elected to Congress (1916) who voted against the United States entering WWI. “I want to stand behind my country, but I cannot vote for war. I vote no.” – Jeannette Rankin

37. The United States Declares War: America Acts— • In April of 1917, Congress declared war on the nations of the Central Powers. • Wilson called on the United States and the Allies to make the world “safe for democracy.”

38. Causes of the War: What changed Woodrow Wilson’s mind about war? • Unrestricted German submarine warfare • Zimmermann Note • Russian Revolution • The nature of the war (with new types of weapons) • British news (which dominated most of what the Americans were reading about the war) told of horrors of German atrocities fueling disdain for the Kaiser and Germany

39. America Mobilizes: Mobilization— • The process of going from a peace-time economy to a war-time economy. • Enlistments (approximately 2 million). Selective Service Act of 1917 – • Required men to register with the government to be randomly selected for military service (2 million American draftees in WWI).

40. America Mobilizes: Eddie Rickenbacker— • Famous WWI fighter pilot. • Transformed the American Air Service into a combat fighting force. • New type of weapon.

41. America Mobilizes: Mass Production— To meet the demands for a war time economy, the government did the following . . . • Built transport ships and equip men, increase the numbers of shipyard workers. • Campaigned to help shipbuilders. • Encouraged the assembly line to increase productivity. • Converted commercial and private ships for transatlantic use.

42. America Mobilizes: War Agencies— Wilson created many agencies to meet the demands of a wartime economy . . . • War Industries Board - directed control of the government over raw materials in an effort to use resources more efficiently. • Food Administration - encouraged Americans to eat less and ration supplies (more food and supplies could be sent to the Allies. • Fuel Administration - created to conserve coal consumption. *****

43. America Mobilizes: Finances— The government needed revenue to fund the war . . . • Wilson’s administration managed to eventually finance about $33 billion in two years. • Congress secured loans to generate revenue as well as the issuing of war “liberty” bonds. • Congress passed increases in personal and corporate income taxes (16th Amendment, 1913) as well as excise taxes on luxury goods.

44. Selling the War: Committee on Public Opinion— • Used to popularize the war by using propaganda. ***** Propaganda— • Biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions. • The government promoted the use of posters and other media to get the American public behind the war effort.

45. Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase: Anti-immigrant Hysteria— • The main targets of the government were those Americans who recently emigrated from Central Powers nations (e.g. Germany or Austria-Hungary). Name Changes— • Foods from Central Powers nations changed names (e.g. the hamburger became “Salisbury steak” and Sauerkraut became “liberty cabbage”).

46. Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase: Espionage & Sedition Act of 1917— • A federal law fining or jailing anyone who interfered with the war effort. • Some accused it of violating the Alien & Sedition Act of 1798.

47. America Turns the Tide: Convoy System

48. America Turns the Tide: Convoy System— • A system created in which military escort ships guard merchant and supply ships from attack (especially by U-Boats).

49. Fighting “Over There” American Expeditionary Force (AEF)— • American army which included men from all over the United States (nicknamed “Doughboys.”) General John J. Pershing— • American general who led the AEF throughout WWI. General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing

50. New Hazards in Warfare: New Weapons & Tactics— • New tactics, new weapons, and “trench warfare” all led to horrific injuries and hazards. • The spread of disease, lack of sleep, “shell shock”, fatigue, amputations, etc.) brought the horrors of war through photography and film. • Conditions were most severe on the front lines.