May the STAAR Force Be With YOU!!

1. May the STAAR Force Be With YOU!!

2. History of BiologyThe JEDI

3. What contribution is the most recent? • Hooke’s observation of cork cells • Flemings discovery of penicillin • Pasteurs proof against spontaneous generation. • Mendels experiments on pea plants How did the evidence in the image below affect the work of Watson and Crick? • It was used to determine the physical structure of DNA • It was used to identify the four bases that make up DNA. • IT was used to develop the theory of independent assortment. • It was used to show that DNA was the molecule of inheritance Use the diagram to the left to answer the above question. This is the X-ray taken by Rosalind Franklin of DNA.

4. Characteristics of LifeCHERG • C – all living things are made of cells • H – organisms must be able to keep their cells in balance through homeostasis and response. • E- all living things must make their energy for cell metabolism and work. • R – all living things must be able to reproduce and have their own genetic material. • G- all living things need to be able to grow and develop on their own.

5. Macromolecules of lifeLarge molecules made up of monomers • Function monosaccharride Glycerol + Fatty acids Amino acids Nucleotides

6. Macromolecules/ Monomers Amino Acid Protein Glucose Carbohydrate Lipid, Saturated Fatty acid Nucleotide Nucleic Acid

7. Enzymes – Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. Enzymes end is “ase” Enzymes bind to substrate at the active site. Fits like a lock and a key. Effected by pH, temp, salt Denatured by harsh conditions. Dehydration Synthesis

8. Nucleic Acids – Store & Control Hereditary Information • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Contains Thymine • Sugar is Deoxyribose • Cannot leave the Nucleus • Only One form • Double stranded • RNA • Ribonucleic Acid • Contains Uracil • Sugar is Ribose • Present in Nucleus and Cytoplasm • Single Stranded • Three Types • tRNA, rRNA, mRNA

9. DNA • Anti parallel • Contains A,T, G, C • Hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides hold it together. • Made up of Nucleotides • Sugar • Phosphate • Base

10. PROkaryotic Vs. EUkaryotic • No Nucleus • No membran bound organelles • Contains DNA in cytoplasm • Contains Ribosomes • Only Bacterial Cells • Nucleus • True Cells • Contain Organelles • Contains DNA in nucleus • All other cells : Protist, Plants, Fungi, Animalia

11. Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell Theory All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic units of life New cells come from existing cells. Bacterial Cell

14. Common Microbial Diseases Treatments Bacterial Infections – treated with Antibiotics Viral Infections – treated with vaccination only

18. Bacterial Reproduction – Asexual Binary Fission

19. Other forms of Bacterial Reproduction • Conjugation – form of sexual reproduction where bacteria exchange genetic information through their pili. • Transformation – where bacteria can absorb foreign DNA from the environment. • Transduction – when bacteria incorporate DNA into their genome from a virus.

20. Viral Replication Lytic & Lysogenic

21. The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Vaccinated individuals become protected against polio because the weakened virus • Prevents further viral infection • Induce inflammatory response • Promote production of antibodies • Are too weak to cause illness • How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics? • A. neither responds to antibiotics • B. both respond to antibiotics • C. viral diseases respond to antibiotics • D. bacterial diseases respond to antibiotics

22. Which of the following require a host cell because they are not able to make proteins on their own? • A. blue green algae • B. bacteria • C. protozoans • D. Viruses • Individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia infection that is rare in the rest of the population because people with HIV • Are unable to fight off these pneumonia causing agents • Are more often exposed to these pneumonia organsisms • Release pheromones that attract pneumonia causing organisms • Release substances that increas the strength of the pneumonia causing organisms.

23. Cell Cycle and Cell Division G 1 – Growth and Normal metabolic roles of the cell S Phase – DNA Replication takes place a in preparation for division G2 – Replication of all organelles and increase in cytoplasm for cell division. M Phase – Mitosis division of the cell. G0 – cell death

24. Cancer = Uncontrolled cell division

25. Cancer Causes and Treatments • Chemotherapy – cell poisoning • Radiation Therapy – cell burning • Surgery – removal of the cancer cells • Other Drug Treatments focus on • Direct tumor cell targets • Blocking blood supply to tumors • Blocking receipt of oxygen and nutrients to tumors • Early Diagnosis and treatment Causes: carcinogens chemicals smoke benzene aspestos UV Radiation Specific Viruses Genetics

26. 1.Which of the following is a chemical agent that causes cancer? a. mutagen b. carcinogen c. toxin d. pentagen 2. The uncontrolled growth of cells when there is an error in the cell cycle is called a. m phase b. mitosis c. cancer d. growth zero

27. Cell Division and Mitosis • Mitosis is the division of the nucleus. • PMAT phases • Prophase is the longest • Centrioles • Chromosomes • Chromatids • Centromere

28. Cellular Transport • Active Transport = Requires Energy (ATP) TYPES Active Transport Co Transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Moves from LOW to HIGH concentration. • Passive Transport – does not require energy TYPES • Osmosis • Diffusion • Facilitated Diffusion • Moves from HIGH concentration to LOW

29. Cell Membrane = Fluid Mosaic Model Contains Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates

30. Movement of Molecules Diffusion Active Transport Facilitated Diffusion

31. Bulk Transport Types of Endocytosis Pinocytosis –drinking Phagocytosis - eating Exocytosis

32. 1. Which statement is not a part of the cell theory? A. Cells are the basic unit of structure of living things. B. Cells are the basic unit of function of living things. C. Cell parts such as chloroplasts are selfreplicating. • Cells come from preexisting cells. 2. If a particle enters a cell by active transport, then the particle is • Needed for synthesizing a large molecule. • More concentrated outside the cell than inside it • More concentrated inside the cell than outside it. • Being moved without the use of energy. 3. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated in order to prepare for cell division? a. G1 Phase b. S Phase c. G2 Phase d. M phase 4. .The cell membrane is referred to as a Mosaic because a. it is pretty like a picture b. it contains protein, lipids and carbohydrates mixed together. c. It allows some things to pass through it and others are not. d. It is a constant fluid structure.

33. DNA ReplicationDeoxyribonucleic Acid STEP 1 – unwind DNA using enzyme Helicase STEP 2 – Unzip molecule using helicase by breaking hydrogen bonds STEP 3 – Add new nucleotides using DNA Polymerase to DNA template Creating 2 New DNA strands that are Semi Conservative with ONE New and ONE Old Strand each.

34. DNA Replication Determine the mRNA and Amino acid sequence from the DNA strand below TAC AAC GGG AGA TGA TCT GTG ATT

35. DNA : TAC AAC GGG AGA TGA TCT GTG ATTmRNA: AUG UUG CCC UCU ACU AGA CAC UAAAMNO ACID : MET LEU PRO SER THR ARG HIS STOP How many amino acids does this protein code for? How many nucleotides are in this protein? 24 8

36. Protein Synthesis • 3 STEPS • Transcription • RNA processing • Translation CODON – 3 base nucleotide sequence of mRNA Anticodon – 3 base sequence of tNRA that is complementary to the mRNA

38. 2 Types of MUTATIONSChromosomal and GENE • Chromosomal FRAME SHIFT MUTATION – causes the most damage

39. Chromosomal Mutations can be detected using a Karyotype

40. Genetic Engineering • Methods • Gene Cloning • PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction • DNA Fingerprinting • Gene Sequencing • Microarrays • Gel Electrophoresis

41. Gamete formationOogenesis 0r Spermatogenesis

42. MEIOSIS/ Sexual Reproduction

45. Genetics • Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses • Dominant Genes T capital letters • Recessive Genes t lowercase letters • Punnett Squares used to make predictionsof possible offspring that will result. • Cross Homozygous Tall pea plant (TT) with a recessivie short pea plant (tt). What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in the F1?

46. TT Tt t t Genotype: 100% Tt Phenotype: 100% Tall

47. Dihybrid Cross – Involves two traits If Yellow peas are dominant to Green peas. Cross a Heterozygous Tall Yellow pea with a Homozygous short green. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the expected offspring. Parents: _________ X _________ Gametes:__ __ __ __ X __ __ __ __ • Y = yellow y = green • T = Tall t = short

48. Incomplete Dominance No trait Dominates. w w If you cross red carnations (rr) with white carnations (ww) what is the genotype and phenotype of the F1 progeny. Parents : _________ X________ • Genotype: • rw 100% • Phenotype: 100 % pink r r

49. Sex Linkage – Carried on the X chromosome Specific Diseases Studied A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia marries a man that is normal what is the chance that a child will have hemophilia? • Hemophilia • Duchenne Muscular dystrophy • Color Blindness • Mainly located on the X chromosome so sex must be indicated on the punnett square.

50. H = Normal ; h = hemophilia Y X H Xh