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Folkrättens källor

Folkrättens källor. Operation Allied Force (1999). Folkrättsenlig eller inte? Mellanstatligt våld förbjudet, med två undantag: Rätten till självförsvar (FNSt art. 51) Våld auktoriserat av SäkR (FNSt. art. 42) Ytterligare ett undantag: Rätt till humanitär intervention?.

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Folkrättens källor

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  1. Folkrättens källor

  2. Operation Allied Force (1999) • Folkrättsenlig eller inte? • Mellanstatligt våld förbjudet, med två undantag: • Rätten till självförsvar (FNSt art. 51) • Våld auktoriserat av SäkR (FNSt. art. 42) • Ytterligare ett undantag: • Rätt till humanitär intervention?

  3. ICJ Statute, art. 38 § 1 • Den som påstår att det existerar en sedvanerättslig regel måste kunna påvisa: • En allmän praxis • En opinio juris • Vari består en praxis? • A general, constant and uniform usage • Hur påvisas opinio juris?

  4. Use of Nuclear Weapons Adv. Op. • Finns det en sedvanrättslig regel som generellt förbjuder användning av kärnvapen? • UNGA har antagit ett antal resolutioner • Vissa fördömer användning som generellt folkrättsstridig, med svaga röstsiffror • Vissa fördömer användning som oförenlig med int’ll humanitär rätt • Därav följer att statshandlingar kan vara • Konkreta eller abstrakta • Individuella eller kollektiva

  5. Anglo Norwegian Fisheries Case • Är Norges baslinjer förenliga med int’ll rätt? • Statshandlingar kan ta sig formen av: • Aktivitet • Passivitet • Passiviteten måste vara ”kvalificerad” • ”The notoriety of the facts, the general toleration of the international community, Great Britain’s position in the North Sea, her own interest in the question, and her prolonged abstention would in any case warrant Norway’s enforcement of her system against the United Kingdom.” (ICJ Reports, 1951, s. 139.)

  6. Operation Enduring Freedom • Rätten till självförsvar förutsätter ett väpnat angrepp (”an armed attack”) • Har sedvanerätten förändrats under perioden 11 sept. – 7 okt. 2001? • Krävs verkligen en praxis = a general, constant and uniform usage?

  7. Uttryck för en opinio juris? • SC Res. 1368, preamble, para 3: • ”[the S.C. recognizes] the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence in accordance with the Charter”

  8. Uttryck för en opinio juris? • USA:s President George Bush, den 18 september: • ”Those who plan, authorize, commit, or aid terrorist attacks against the United States and its interests – including those who harbor terrorists – threaten the national security of the United States. It is, therefore, necessary and appropriate that the United States exercise its right to defend itself and protect United States citizens both at home and abroad.”

  9. Uttryck för en opinio juris? • Georgiens president Shevardnadze, den 20 september: • “The Republic Georgia fully supports the efforts aimed at creating a coalition of countries that would take on the immediate task of seeing that the perpetrators of this horrible crime and those who harbour them are brought to account.”

  10. Uttryck för en opinio juris? • Albaniens delegat i UNGA, den 4 oktober: • “Albania stands with the United States and our allies of the European Union by putting at their disposal not only its territory and military bases, but also all the necessary infrastructure and human resources”.

  11. Uttryck för en opinio juris? • Den 10 oktober antar Organisation for the Islamic Conference en resolution, vari dess medlemsstater uttalar “the willingness of its members to participate in any joint action that has clearly defined objectives … [and] to enter into an alliance that enjoys the support of the international community to fight international terrorism and to punish its perpetrators.”

  12. Uttryck för en opinio juris? • Många staters passivitet

  13. Stadgan för AU, art. 4 •  ”The Union shall function in accordance with the following principles: • … (h) the right of the Union to intervene in a Member State pursuant to a decision of the Assembly in respect of grave circumstances, namely: war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity; … “ • Om AU beslutarommilitärtingripandei en afrikansk stat på de grundersomangesi Art. 4(h), ärettsådantingripandefolkrättsenligtellerinte?  

  14. UNGA res. 217 A (III) • = 1948 års Allmänna deklaration om mänskliga rättigheter • “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.” (Art. 13 § 1) • “Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.” (Art. 17 § 1) • Generalförsamlingens befogenheter följer av FNSt artikel 13

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