The Civil War

1. The Civil War Goduti’s AP United States History Class

2. Lincoln • Came to prominence as a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates in the 1858 Senatorial election. • Argued for Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men - the base of the Republican party. • While Lincoln lost that election, it brought his name to the forefront of the debate on slavery and territory. • From 1859-1860 Lincoln went on a tour of the Northeast, giving speeches about his views. It brought him to the Republican nomination for president.

3. Secession! • Lincoln won the election of 1860 without any Southern state. What did this say about Southern power? • The Southern states seceded to form the Confederate States of America - with South Carolina being the first on Dec 20, 1860. • Crittenden Compromise: John Crittenden attempted a compromise that would extend the Missouri Compromise line, permitting slavery in parts of the south, but it failed. • Fort Sumter: The confederates started to seize Union forts, establishing their military in the south. One of those forts was Sumter.

5. War! • The first problem on Lincoln’s desk was Sumter. The main problem was whether he defend the fort with force or let the Confederates take it. Lincoln decided to send provisions and directed Major Anderson to not fire on the confederates. • April 12 - 13 1861, Confederates bombed the fort, forcing Anderson to surrender. These were the first shots of the war. Differences in the Sides • NORTH: Had a better transportation system and more people. They also had the factories that made weapons. • SOUTH: The confederates had to defend their land, they did not have to wage war on the North. From their stand point - a war of attrition.

6. Waging War NORTH • Money: Homestead Act, which sold western land and a Tariff helped finance the war. The Treasury department sold war bonds as well. • Armies: Over 2 million soldiers served. At first it was a three month enlistment, which was extended to three years. In March 1863 the North instituted the Draft. People could pay 300 dollars for a substitute. • Casualties: Overall there were 618,000 American deaths in the Civil War. More than a combination of American Deaths in all our wars since the Spanish-American War in 1898. There were over one million casualties total.

7. Abraham Lincoln • Needed to make decisions quickly to avoid panic. • Called in troops without the consent of congress. • Set up a blockade of the south - stifle King Cotton. • Anyone who spoke out against enlistments were subject to martial law. Started in border states, then nationwide.

8. Lincoln and Emancipation • Confiscation Act: Congress Passed - All slaves used for insurrection were considered free. • 2nd Confiscation Act: Declared all slaves supporting the insurrection free - Gave Lincoln the power to bring slaves into the Army (MASS 54th regiment) • Antietam Sept. 22, 1862: This victory gave Lincoln the power he needed to declare the Emancipation Proclamation. • The Proclamation freed all the slaves in the southern states and tied victory to abolishment of slavery (13th Amendment)

9. The South • Confederate Constitution mirrored the Union’s, but it sanctioned slavery and focused on the sovereignty of the states. • Jefferson Davis was appointed President with Alexander Stephens as his VP. • They did not have a common War Bond, because of the emphasis on State’s rights. He seized control of the Railroads in an effort to control movements of troops and resources. • Financing the war was almost impossible. Other countries would not help them, as Lincoln made it clear that any assistance was an act of war on their part - which made King Cotton worthless and Planters suffered.

10. Northern Strategy • Winfield Scott was Lincoln’s principle advisor at the start of the war. He fought in Mexican War with all the major players in the war - who almost all went to West Point together. • George McClellan led the Union army at the start of the war. Many believed that it would be a quick war. • Lincoln and Scott believed that they needed to target resources - not territory.

11. Northern Strategy • Scott’s Anaconda Plan was designed to halt all resources into the South and suffocate the travel of goods. • The plan called for a blockade of all goods and control of the Mississippi River. Without railroads, this was the main source of transportation. • The plan was unsuccessful, and eventually Lincoln had to move from a Limited War to an Total war on the south - destroying not only resources, but also town and cities to win. • Scott Retired early into the war.

12. “And the war came.”Phase I: 1861-1862Early Battles • The First Battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861: The Union was sent running as the Confederacy took the field. • West Virginia: McClellan moved from Ohio and liberated the “Mountain People”from the Confederacy. West Virginia was admitted to the Union in 1863.

13. Phase I: 1861-1862The West • Ulysses S. Grant led the western front and was very successful. They were attempting to seize control of the Mississippi River. • New Orleans April 25, 1862: This was a turning point in the war, since the North did not have a major victory in the first phase of the war, except Antietam. • Battle of Fort Henry: Grant forced the confederates out of TN and KY. • Shiloh: He took one of the Rail Road Hubs from the south. • Chattanooga: The South tried to regroup and attack, but Grant held firm and by the end of 1862 - the Union had control of the west.

14. Phase I: 1861-1862Virginia Front • Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee: Had major victories in the south at Shenandoah Valley (May- June 1862), Battle of the Seven days (June- July 1862), and the 2nd Battle of Bull Run (Aug 1862). • Antietam (Turning Point): On Sept. 22, 1862 Lee was defeated by McClellan, but the casualties were big at 22,000 combined for one day of fighting (Almost 4,000 killed). • This victory eventually led to Lincoln appointing Ambrose Burnsides to the command of the troops and issue the emancipation proclamation.

15. Phase II: 1863Year of Decision • Chancellorsville (May 1863): Lee Divided his Army hoping to end the war. Jackson was killed at this battle, fought near Spotsylvania Courthouse, and while the south won, his death was a great loss to confederate leadership. • Vicksburg (May to July 1863): Grant took out the city effectively splitting the confederacy in half - according to the original anaconda plan. This victory brought him into the General in chief role from then on.

16. Phase II: 1863Gettysburg • Lee went against Meade in a turning point in the war. • Lee was trying to invade the north and went into Pennsylvania and the two armies met at Gettysburg by accident. • Little Round Top: Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain repelled a confederate charge that could have meant the battle. • Cemetery Ridge: Pickett made his famous charge and lost his entire regiment. • Approximately 50,000 casualties. The South never had the advantage again.

17. Photos from Gettysburg

18. Photos from Gettysburg

19. Photos from Gettysburg

20. Lincoln at Gettysburg

21. Phase III: 1864-1865 • Grant took control of the army after Gettysburg. • He and William Sherman changed the direction of the campaign - to a Hard War, which meant they would target the entire south and destroy everything. • They planned Two Offensives: • 1. Grant would move into Richmond, confront Lee • 2. Sherman would advance toward Atlanta and destroy the rest of the army.

22. Phase III: 1864-1865 • Grant had major battles in the Wilderness and Spotsylvania courthouse. He also laid siege to Petersburg - hurting the confederate army under Lee. • Sherman had a great deal of success. He cut his supply line and marched into the south. His army took three days to get through a town. • Burned Atlanta to the ground in his march to the sea. He wanted to destroy everything so the south would not fight again.

23. Phase III: 1864-1865 • Grant took a major RR junction after Petersburg, which led Lee to leave Richmond and run with the army. • Lincoln entered the city of Richmond with an African-American regiment leading. • Grant and Sherman met up, after Sherman hit the Carolinas and made his way up the coast. • Lee Surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865

24. Diplomacy During War • Alabama Claims: England Made deals with the south to send them ships. • After the war Secretary of State William Seward wanted reparations from the English for all the damage it incurred. • Many nations in Europe wanted to see the “Great Experiment” of republicanism fail, so they supported the south, not only for cotton, but also to see the U.S. destroyed.

25. Technology During War • More than 618,000 people died in the war. This was mostly due to poor medical practices and the onset of new weaponry. • The Colt Revolver and Winchester rifle made it easier to shoot with accuracy and efficiency - getting more shots off in a volley. • Railroad: Without the railroads, the North would not have an advantage over the south. That transportation technology made a vital differences in transporting people and materials. • Telegraph: Made it possible for generals to see what was happening on the battlefield, and helped Lincoln understand the decisions he needed to make to win the war.

26. Reconstruction • With the devastation of the civil war, Lincoln looked to see how he could bring the country back together. • He outlined his intentions in his second inaugural address, wherein he says “with malice toward none,” they were to “bind up the nation’s wounds.”