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Crime & Punishment Walk (….Oct 5 th : Last Day!) Assignment dates: Website is up-to-date

Crime & Punishment Walk (….Oct 5 th : Last Day!) Assignment dates: Website is up-to-date Sophists & Stoicism…. Stoics & Sophists. Seneca was both! Supported the idea of a ‘just’ king Justice: best interest of citizens Bit of a hypocrite (lavish)

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Crime & Punishment Walk (….Oct 5 th : Last Day!) Assignment dates: Website is up-to-date

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  1. Crime & Punishment Walk (….Oct 5th: Last Day!) • Assignment dates: Website is up-to-date • Sophists & Stoicism….

  2. Stoics & Sophists • Seneca was both! • Supported the idea of a ‘just’ king • Justice: best interest of citizens • Bit of a hypocrite (lavish) • Cicero was a sophist, but a lawyer & critic of Senica (Stoicism) • Sophism: the art of discourse • Extreme: nothing against which positive law could be tested…… • Expulsion of Philosophers became common after 75BCE (approx.) depending on the city state • Kings become common (as opposed to lottery based democracy, for example)

  3. Early & Middle Ages After the collapse of the Roman Empire...

  4. Continental Europe France Germany Scotland Switzerland Spain Italy ...and more

  5. The Fall of Western Rome (400-500) & Rise of Christianity (600 -1400) • Following a series of dictatorships • Withdrawal of community involvement in polis • Islam & Christianity emerge as threats to power...

  6. Islam & Christianity a Threat? Power greater than the polis – a spiritual monopoly Fit somewhat with the groundwork laid by Stoics

  7. Middle Ages (600-900)Agragarian Societies... Throughout Europe • Communal living • Survival of all • Threat to community livelihood = restorative justice

  8. Feudalism (900-1500s)

  9. Upper Middle Ages 1200s: church & secular struggle for power Expansion of townships More attractive lifestyle Burghers : Live in cities merchants, traders, beggars... Material wealth

  10. Punishable Offenses Threat to church or belief embodied in RC Bible Free will to be ‘good’ • Autonomy • Responsibility Threat to lord or king non payment of rents Sin = Deviance

  11. Magna Charta 1215 Rebellion of Nobles/ Barons Foundation of: English Constitution & Parliament Abuses of King John No one above the law Jury of your Peers Unlawful detainment… But there was the Star Court until 1641… until Habeas Corpus

  12. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Dominican Monk Scholar Rationalism v. Free Will All acts should be chosen to fulfill divine purpose Sex for procreation only

  13. Aquinas Ontology & Law Natural Law • Right to preservation • Procreation • Duty to ‘know God’ Human Law = Natural Law written specific to a time & place Common good: collective concern, not individual

  14. Aquinas Ontology & Law Purpose of Law: To make people virtuous (p.85) Bonum commune Natural law -> Perfectionism Support the Monarchy Divine right of Kings Star Court: Tyranny/Heresy Before we ‘end’ the Middle Ages....

  15. The Middle Ages & The Inquisitions

  16. Timeline of Witchcraft Persecutions 420: Impossibility of weather-magic 1200- Pope Innocent III – threatened by Catharism Challenged how one could communicate with God. 1273: Dominican Monks fuel fires... 1480s: witchcraft defined by Pope Innocent VIII as the biggest threat to Christianity 1480s to 1750s Legally sanctioned Inquisitions: A papal judicial institution that inquired into heresy

  17. Continental Europe France Germany Scotland Switzerland Spain Italy ...and more

  18. Many factors... • Fear of Maleficarus • “wicked” women (latin, maleficus) • But why? • Movie (Thursday) • Weather/Agragarian Societies • Connected to socio-political • Great social upheaval

  19. Droughts & Plagues Crop Failures Rising grain prices Debt Inflation (city) Starvation Malnutrition Poor Health – Plague Class Tensions...(p.20)

  20. Malleus Maleficarum, 1486 “Witch Hammer” Kramer & Sprenger Germany • Means of discovery • Guidelines for trial and execution • Trials – crop failures (p. 18)

  21. Systemic Punishment:Witch Trials Community Centred • Goal of Punishment: penance • Children under 7? • Guilt tied to punishment • Torture • No witnesses for accused • Confession = last rites • Effort to appear just and fair

  22. Goals of Justice & Types of Punishment Culture is the context in which collective action takes place (p. 19) Rituals of a Thousand Deaths Purifying Pain or Edifying Shame Making things ‘right’ again with God (lextalionis)

  23. Despite initial Church insistence, witches were believed to practice weather magic • Illness followed with starvations (children) • Scarce resources shaped the social relations • Witch trials ‘validated’ the process • more acusations

  24. Contemporary Relevance? “...the recent violence is fueled not by the nation's widespread belief in black magic but instead by economic jealousy born of a mining boom that has widened the country's economic divide and pitted the haves against the have-nots.”

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