Chapter 7: Diagnosis and Treatment; Surgery

1. Chapter 7: Diagnosis and Treatment; Surgery

2. Chapter Objectives • Main components of a patient history. • Main methods used in patient examination. • Nine imaging techniques. • Possible forms of treatment. • Theories of alternative & complementary medicine and some healing practices used in these fields. • Staging and grading as they apply to cancer. • Basic terms for to medical examination, diagnosis & treatment. • Roots and suffixes pertaining to diagnosis and surgery. • Symbols and abbreviations used in diagnosis & treatment.

3. Key Terms

4. Key Terms (cont’d)

5. Key Terms (cont’d)

6. Key Terms (cont’d)

7. Key Terms (cont’d)

8. Key TermsAlternative and Complementary Medicine

9. Key TermsAlternative and Complementary Medicine(cont’d)

10. Key TermsAlternative and Complementary Medicine(cont’d)

11. Supplementary TermsSymptoms

12. Supplementary TermsDiagnosis

13. Supplementary TermsTreatment

14. Supplementary TermsSurgery

15. AbbreviationsHistory and Physical Examination

16. AbbreviationsHistory and Physical Examination (cont’d)

17. AbbreviationsHistory and Physical Examination (cont’d)

18. AbbreviationsHistory and Physical Examination (cont’d)

19. AbbreviationsDiagnosis and Treatment

20. AbbreviationsDiagnosis and Treatment (cont’d)

21. AbbreviationsDiagnosis and Treatment (cont’d)

22. AbbreviationsViews for Radiography

23. Abbreviation Orders

24. Diagnosis • Determination of nature and cause of illness • Starts with patient history • Description of symptoms • Past medical history • Family, social history as relevant • Physical examination follows

25. Physical Examination • Inspection • Visual examination • Palpation • Touching body surface with hands, fingers • Percussion • Tapping body and listening to sounds made • Auscultation • Using a stethoscope to listen to body sounds

26. Vital Signs • Temperature • Pulse rate • Measured in beats per minute • Respiration • Measured in breaths per minute • Blood pressure • Systolic recorded when heart contracting • Diastolic recorded when heart relaxing

27. Examination Tools • Ophthalmoscope • For examining eyes • Otoscope • For examining ears • Hammer • For testing reflexes • Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) • For testing blood pressure

28. Examination Procedures • Endoscope • Examines body cavities

29. Examination Procedures (cont’d) • Biopsy • Removal of tissue for microscopic examination • Specimens obtained by: • Needle withdrawal • Small punch • Endoscopy • Surgical removal

30. Imaging Techniques • Used to produce visual images of body • Most common is Radiography (X-rays) • Best at showing dense tissues • Soft tissues enhanced by contrast mediums • Other methods: • Sound waves • Radioactive isotopes • Radio waves • Magnetic fields

31. Treatment • Determined if appropriate by diagnosis • May consist as any combination of: • Counselling • Drugs • Surgery • Radiation • Physical therapy • Occupational therapy • Psychiatric treatment • Followed up done with Prognosis (prediction of outcome of disease)

32. Surgery • One method of treating disease by manual operations • Usually done by cutting an incision into skin • Anesthesia dulls pain • Incision sealed after surgery with sutures, adhesive stripes, staples, skin glue • Operations now performed with laser • Some procedures require cautery

33. Purpose of Surgery • Treatment • Excision of diseased or abnormal tissue • Also can repair wounds or correct problems • Diagnosis • Remove tissue for lab biopsy • Restoration • To compensate for lost function • Relief • Palliative treatment (therapy to provide relief, not intended as cure)

34. Surgical Instruments

35. Alternative and Complementary Medicine • Disease causes have shifted • People looking to other philosophies and cultures • Other philosophies include: • Osteopathy • Naturopathy • Homeopathy • Chiropractic

36. Alternative and Complementary Medicine (cont’d) • Other treatments include: acupuncture, biofeedback, massage, meditation, herbal remedies, nutritional counselling • Holistic health care emphasizes treating individual as whole with emotional, social, and spiritual needs in addition to physical

37. Roots for Physical Forces

38. Roots for Physical Forces (cont’d)

39. Suffixes for Diagnosis

40. Suffixes for Diagnosis (cont’d)

41. Suffixes for Surgery

42. Suffixes for Surgery (cont’d)

43. Cancer • Several methods to diagnose • Physical examination • Biopsy • Imaging • Laboratory tests • Two methods to classify: • Grading • Based on histologic changes seen through microscope

44. Cancer (cont’d) • Staging • Procedure for seeing how far tumor has spread • Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy

45. Pretest • Determination of a disease's nature cause is called: (a) prognosis (b) diagnosis (c) titration (d) admission

46. Pretest Determination of a disease's nature cause is called: (a) prognosis (b) diagnosis (c) titration (d) admission

47. Pretest • Measurements of the basic functions needed to maintain life, such as breathing and pulse, together are called: (a) respiration (b) health signs (c) vital signs (d) etiology

48. Pretest • Measurements of the basic functions needed to maintain life, such as breathing and pulse, together are called: (a) respiration (b) health signs (c) vital signs (d) etiology

49. Pretest • The two phases recorded when measuring blood pressure are: (a) systolic and sinoatrial (b) diastolic and symbiotic (c) superior and inferior (d) systolic and diastolic

50. Pretest • The two phases recorded when measuring blood pressure are: (a) systolic and sinoatrial (b) diastolic and symbiotic (c) superior and inferior (d) systolic and diastolic