Ch. 2, Section 3 —Spain in America

1. Ch. 2, Section 3—Spain in America Main Idea In the sixteenth century, Spain established and governed a vast empire in the Americas. Key Terms Conquistador tribute Pueblo mission Presidio encomienda Plantation

2. Spanish Conquistadors • ______________--explorers who settled in the Americas. They often received land grants from Spanish rulers in exchange for 1/5 of gold or treasure taken. • Hernan Cortes landed on the east coast of Mexico in _____, looking for _____ and _____. • Came to Tenochtitlan w/500 soldiers, some horses, and cannons. • Aztecs conquered many cities. • Cities were forced to give crops, clothing, gold, and precious stones to Aztec as ________. Tribute--_______________________________________.

3. Hernan Cortes • Formed alliances w/nearby cities. • Cortes marched into Tenochtitlan, took advantage of the Aztec’s hospitality and then took __________ prisoner! • Attacked capital in 1520, but was unsuccessful. • Montezuma was hit by stones during fighting and later died. • ______—Cortes conquered the Aztec empire.

4. Francisco Pizarro • Francisco Pizarro sailed down Pacific coast of South America w/180 soldiers. • Heard tales of very wealthy _____ Empire in Peru. • _____--Pizarro captured Inca ruler, Atahualpa and destroyed much of the Incan army. • 1533—Spanish falsely accused Atahualpa of crimes and ________ him. • Inca were used to following commands from a leader. • No leader = ineffective fighting. • Ineffective fighting = loss of _______ Empire to the Spanish. Francisco Pizarro

5. Why Spain Succeeded How could only a few hundred Spanish soldiers conquer such mighty empires? • They arrived w/strange weapons—guns and ________--and fearsome animals (rode horses and had huge, ferocious _____). To the Native Americans, the Spanish seemed like ______. • Many Native Americans hated their ______ overlords and assisted in taking them over. • ________—played an extremely large role. Native Americans had no immunity to European diseases. Brought diseases on accident. However, ________ and other diseases wiped out entire communities

6. Spain in North America • Mexico and Peru were rich in gold and silver. • To try and find more riches, conquistadors decided to explore southeastern and southwestern parts of North America. • ______________--made the first Spanish landing on the mainland of North America in 1519 (east coast of ________). • He was looking for gold and the “________________”. • His explorations led to first Spanish settlement in the U.S. It was called ___________________ (established in 1565). • Many conquistadors searched for riches and lost their life trying because of stormy weather, lack of supplies, and illness. • Searched for the “Seven Cities of _________”.

7. Seven Cities of Cibola • Alvar Nunez Cabeza deVaca—part of a Spanish expedition to Florida in 1528. • 3 of the 5 ships were lost in a storm, the other two were shipwrecked in present-day _______. • 1533—Cabeza de Vaca and other Spaniards set off on foot on a 1,000 mile journey across the Southwest, arriving in Mexico three years later. • Cabeza de Vaca told tales he had heard about seven cities with walls of emeralds and streets of ______. • Stories inspired others like Hernando de Soto and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado. • As they traveled, they took advantage of the native peoples. • Normal method was to take the chief hostage and demand __________________.

8. Hernando de Soto & Coronado • Led an expedition to Florida and lands to the west. • For 3 years, he and his troops searched southeastern U.S. for gold. • Crossed the ____________ River in 1541. • Traveled as far west as _____________. • He died of fever and was buried in the Mississippi. • ____________ led expedition to areas of northern Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico. • Came to a town belonging to the _______ people. • Finally realized there was no gold and traveled west to Colorado River and east into ________. • Found nothing but “windswept plains” and “____________” (buffalo). Hernando de Soto Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

9. Coronado Expedition

10. Spanish Rule • Spanish established 3 kinds of settlements in the Americas: • ________ (towns)—established as centers of trade. • ________--these were religious communities. • ________--also known as a fort. These were built near missions. Social Classes • Established system of hierarchal social classes from upper tolower—these included: • __________--they owned land, ran local govt., and served in the Catholic Church. • ________--people born in the Americas to Spanish parents. • ________--people with both Spanish and Native American parents. • Native Americans. • Enslaved Africans.

11. Social Classes—cont. • 1500’s—Spanish govt. granted conquistadors an __________, which was the right to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans living on the land. • This system turned them into slaves. • Many N.A. died from malnutrition and ________. • Spanish priest: Bartolome de Las Casas condemned ______ treatment of the Native Americans. • Pleaded for laws to be passed to protect them. • Because of his reports, in 1542, Spain passed the __________, that forbade enslaving Native Americans.

12. Plantation System • Spanish settlers made large profits by exporting crops and other materials back to Spain. • Main exports from West Indies were: tobacco and __________. • Developed a plantation system, which was a large estate used for raising crops. • Spanish used Native Americans again—Las Casas suggested they use enslaved ________. • Thought they could stand labor better than Native Americans. • By mid-1500’s, Spanish brought thousands from West Africa to the ________. • Portuguese did the same in Brazil. • By late 1500’s, ________ was essential part of the economy of the colonies.