Unit 1: Body Organization and Homeostasis

1. Unit 1: Body Organization and Homeostasis Tamalpais High School Honors Physiology

2. Hippocrates • Greek physician born in 460 BC • “Hippocratic Oath” • Today Hippocrates is known as the "Father of Medicine"

3. What exactly will we study in physiology? • Anatomy vs. • Physiology • STRUCTURE vs. FUNCTION

4. Human Body Orientation • Body directional planes • Body cavities • Body regions • Why?

5. Sagittal Midsagittal Frontal (aka Coronal) Transverse Body Directional Planes Fig 1.21

6. Body Cavities Fig. 1.9

7. Body Regions Fig. 1.24

8. Anatomical position Superior vs. Inferior Medial vs. Lateral Distalvs. Proximal Deep vs. Superficial Ipsilateralvs.Contralateral Human Body Orientation Fig. 1.20

9. Anterior vs. Posterior Ventral vs. Dorsal Human Body Orientation

10. Fig 1.7 Homeostasis • The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment • examples: human body temperature, water balance, salt/ion balance, oxygen/CO2 balance, blood pH, etc

11. A Homeostatic Mechanism Fig 1.6

12. Example mechanism

13. Gross anatomy Fine anatomy involves cells and tissues Histology = study of tissues Gross vs. Fine Anatomy

14. Levels of Organization Fig. 1.3

15. Histology: The study of tissues that compose the body Pathology: the study of disease Histology & Pathology

16. Tissues • Cells organize into tissues • Tissue = Cells + extracellular matrix (EM) • Nonliving • Made by the cells Fig. 5.24

17. 4 Main Tissue Types 1.Epithelial tissue • Protective covering • One “free” side • Other side: basement membrane • Tightly packed, little EM • Classified according to shape and # of layer of cells Fig. 5.6

18. 4 Main Tissue Types Fig. 5.4 • Epithelial cell # of layers: • Simple – one layer • Stratified – two or more layers • Epithelial cell shape: • Squamous - flat • Cuboidal – cube • Columnar – tall, elongated • What would simple cuboidal epithelial tissue look like?

19. 4 Main Tissue Types 2. Connective Tissue • Lots of EM • Binds structures, provides support and protection, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, and protects against infections Figs 5.21 & 5.24

20. 4 Main Tissue Types • Types of Connective Tissue: • LooseCT– under most layers of epithelium • Adipose – stores fat • Dense CT – very strong but stretchy; tendons & ligaments • Bone • Blood • Cartilage • Hyaline • Elastic • Fibrocartilage Figs 5.26 & 5.27

21. 4 Main Tissue Types 3. Muscle Tissue • Skeletal muscle • Cardiac muscle • Smooth muscle Figs 5.28, 29, and 30

22. 4 Main Tissue Types 4. Nervous tissue • Communication • Example cells include neurons (nerve cells) Fig. 5.31

23. 65% Oxygen (O2) 18.5% Carbon (C ) 9.5% Hydrogen (H) 3.2% Nitrogen (N) Total O,C,H, & N = approx 96% of the body by weight Organicsubstances contain both C & H The rest are inorganicsubstances electrolytes = inorganic substances that dissolve in water Major Chemical Elements in the Body

24. Electrolytes • Electrolyte: any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive • Examples: Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, K+, • Why are they important?

25. Trace Elements • A trace element • needed in very small ( i.e. “trace”…) amounts • crucial to human survival • Examples • iron (Fe) - part of hemoglobin molecule • zinc (Zn) – in several enzymes • copper (Cu) – bone and melanin development • iodine (I ) – synthesis of thyroid hormones

26. Iodized salt!

27. Human Body Systems 1. Circulatory (cardiovascular) 2. Immune 3. Nervous & Senses 4. Digestive 5. Muscular 6. Skeletal 7. Integumentary 8. Endocrine 9. Respiratory 10. Excretory 11. Reproductive