Chapter 2 Our Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy

1. Chapter 2Our Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy For use with text, Human Sexuality Today, 5th edition. Bruce M. King Slides by Callista Lee King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

2. Body language • Slang terms for the genitalia are more often used by men than by women. • What are some common themes in slang terms for women’s genitals? For men’s genitals? • Why are slang terms for the genitals and for sexual behavior also used terms of general displeasure or aggression? King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

3. External female genitalia • Vulva is the term used to refer to the external female genitalia, including the mons veneris, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal opening and urethral opening. • It is common for people to say “vagina” when referring to what is between a woman’s legs but the correct term is vulva. • The anus is also between a woman’s legs but is not considered to be a part of the vulva. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

4. The Vulva The labia are parted to show the vaginal and urethral openings. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

5. Feelings about one’s genitalia are related to enjoyment of sexual activity. • Mons Veneris – why pubic hair? • Labia Majora – protective outer lips that cover sensitive inner tissues • Labia Minora – “Hottentot Aprons” • Bartholin’s Glands – friends to sperm • Urethral opening – rarely noticed, between clitoris and vagina • Perineum – the pelvic “floor” King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

6. The clitoris – as many nerve endings as an entire penis! • Clitoral hood – where the labia minora meet at the top to form a touch-sensitive covering for the clitoris • Clitoris – a glans, a shaft and even “legs,” all containing erectile tissue • Clitoral circumcision – female genital mutilation designed to keep women from experiencing “too much” sexual pleasure in some cultures King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

7. The vaginal opening • Vestibular bulbs beside the vaginal opening swell with blood during sexual arousal to help the vagina grip the penis. • Bulbocavernosus muscle surrounds the vagina keeping it loosely closed most of the time. • The hymen is a thin membrane that only partially seals the vagina. It may break open on its own during childhood and so is not a “proof” of virginity. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

8. The breasts • Sexy in most Western cultures • Estrogen in boys may cause gynecomastia • 15 – 20 mammary glands each with its own duct in the nipple, regardless of bra size • The areola has a breastfeeding function • Fatty tissue between the glands, determined primarily by heredity, affects breast size King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

9. Breast augmentation • Exercises and lotions do not work • Cosmetic surgery is still surgery • 25% of women who receive breast implants (silicone or saline) will develop painful fibrous capsules around the implants that make the breasts hard, tight and unnatural in appearance, requiring additional surgery. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

10. Breast cancer and examination • Self-exams monthly, after menstruation • Mammograms – baseline at age 35, every 1-2 years in your 40’s and annually after age 50 • 96% survival rate with early detection • Simple mastectomy is as effective as the radical mastectomy • A positive attitude and reassurance help King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

11. Breast self-examination King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

12. Internal female anatomy • Vagina – a sheath-like canal extending from the vulva to the cervix • “Elastic” walls – does one size fit all? • Highly vascularized • Lubricates in response to sexual arousal • A self-cleaning organ with a natural musky odor • Douching interferes with the natural chemical environment and can lead to serious health problems King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

13. More about the vagina • Pubococcygeus (PC) muscle surrounds the vagina – practice your Kegel exercises for sexual satisfaction and urinary control. • The vaginal opening is very sensitive to touch but the inner 2/3 have very few nerve endings. • The G-Spot exception – a highly sensitive area on the anterior wall about 1/3 of the way into the vagina noticed by about 10% of women. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

14. Internal female organs, side view King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

15. Internal female organs, frontal view King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

16. The Uterus – tiny but powerful • Cervix – the narrow end of the uterus projecting into the back of the vagina • Perimetrium – the outer layer • Myometrium – strong muscled middle layer • Endometrium – innermost layer that grows thicker between menstrual periods and sloughs off at menstruation King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

17. Fallopian Tubes • Fingerlike fimbria brush against the ovary to “find” the egg at ovulation • Site of fertilization of the egg by the sperm • Cilia within the tube move the egg toward the uterus • Ectopic (tubal) pregnancies • Tubal ligation sterilization King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

18. The Ovaries • Female gonads produce ova (eggs) and hormones (estrogen and progesterone). • At birth a girl’s ovaries already contain all of her 300,000 - 400,000 immature ova. • Only about 400 will ever fully mature • From primary follicle to Graafian follicle to ovulation King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

19. Gynecological examination King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

20. Gynecological cancers • Cervical cancer and the Human Papillomavirus • Pap smear – a simple test for cervical cancer • 60,000 new cervical cancer cases each year • 40,100 cases of cancer of the endometrium are diagnosed every year • Ovarian cancer is rare but difficult to detect in its early stages • Many ovarian cysts are benign King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

21. External male anatomy • Penis – reproductive, urinary and sexual • Average size flaccid – 3.75 inches x 1.2 inches • Average size erect – 6 inches x 1.5 inches • The foreskin protects the glans penis from abrasions and dryness • The scrotum holds the testicles outside of the body cavity for optimal sperm development. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

22. External male genitalia Circumcised (left) and natural (right) King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

23. Male Circumcision • History – ancient Egyptians and Greeks • Religion – Jews and Muslims • Culture – Puberty rites • Victorian Era fears about masturbation • The battle of smegma vs. soap and water • Pediatricians oppose routine circumcisions in countries where good hygiene and adequate medical care exist King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

24. Internal structures, side view King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

25. The man inside…details, details… • Penis – glans, shaft and root • Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum • Tumescence (erection) and detumescence • Corona – most sensitive part of the penis • Urethra – one opening and two functions • Peyronie’s Disease • Normal curvature King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

26. Testicles and testimony • Male gonads create sperm and male hormones • Epididymis – where sperm wait for orgasm • Vas Deferens – from testicle, up and over the bladder and through the prostate gland • Vasectomy • Ejaculatory ducts – taking the sperm out to the urethra • Urethra – one passageway for two functions King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

27. Internal male structures King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

28. Semen is just 1% sperm • Seminal vessicles – two little structures that contribute about 70% of seminal volume • Prostate gland – about 30% of semen • Cowpers (aka Bulbourethral) glands – two pea-sized structures that secrete an alkaline fluid to clean the urethra prior to orgasm • One reason “withdrawal” isn’t reliable King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

29. Cancers of the Testes and Prostate • Prostatitis vs. Prostate Cancer • Prostate Cancer – 1:7 men by age 85 • Rectal exams and PSA blood tests • Prevention – reduce fat and increase exercise • Testicular cancer is most likely between ages 20 – 40 • Self-examination can detect testicular cancer in its early stages King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

30. Testicular self-exam King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

31. Sexiest organ: The brain • Cerebral cortex – thinking and reasoning • Limbic system – emotions and sexual desire • Hypothalamus – Sexual desire, sexual orientation, gender identity – directs the Pituitary Gland • Pituitary Gland – hormones that drive the reproductive system King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

32. The human brain King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

33. Our Sexual Bodies • The five senses • Primary erogenous zones – because we’re human • Secondary erogenous zones – learned through experience or socialization • Self-concept and body image • Cultural norms – kissing, breasts, body fat King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall