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Histology and Embryology For international students Lei Lei Sep. 2005

Histology and Embryology For international students Lei Lei Sep. 2005. Introduction. Key points of this class. Methods employed in Histology Cell. 1. Histology. Histo= Tissue Logos= Study 2. Embryology. What we will learn in this course. Cell Tissue: 4 basic tissues Organ system.

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Histology and Embryology For international students Lei Lei Sep. 2005

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  1. Histology and Embryology For international students Lei LeiSep. 2005

  2. Introduction

  3. Key points of this class • Methods employed in Histology • Cell

  4. 1. Histology • Histo=Tissue • Logos=Study 2. Embryology

  5. What we will learn in this course • Cell • Tissue: 4 basic tissues • Organ system

  6. Why it is important to learn histology? • To recognize normal tissue and cells • To acquire basic skill which you will use throughout your career!!!

  7. What you need to do • Look • Think • Compare • Remember • Idealized images

  8. 2. Basic methods of histology • Observation of histological slides Procedure: Specimen Fixation Embedding Sectioning Staining Observation

  9. Fixation • Fixation solution (fixative) LM---4% formaldehyde EM---glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide

  10. Embedding • Ethanol----dehydration • Xylene----clearing • Paraffin----embedding

  11. Sectioning • Microtome thickness 2~10 μm 1μm=0.001mm=10-6m 1nm=0.001μm=10-6mm=10-9m

  12. Staining • Basophilia ,Acidophilia, metachromasia • Basic dyes: toluidine blue, methylene blue, hematoxylin • Acid dyes: orange G, eosin, acid fuchsin • common staining: Hematoxylin & Eosin • Specific staining: silver

  13. Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) H&E is the most commonly method in histological study Hematoxylin Blue Eosin Pink

  14. Hematoxylin Eosin H&E

  15. 3. Microscopes • Light microscope • Specific microscope (1). Phase-contrast microscope (2). Differential interference microscope (3). Fluorescence microscope (4). Confocal microscope • Electron microscope Transmission Scanning

  16. 4. Other methods A. Autoradiography B. Histochemistry and cytochemistry PAS (periodic acid Schiff reaction) Feulgen reaction C. Immunocytochemistry Antigen and antibody reaction D. In situ hybridization DAN or RNA single strand complementary

  17. Other methods (continue) E. Cell culture—stem cells F. Transgenic animal G. Micromanipulation and cloning H. Tissue engineering

  18. Summary 1. Histology is the study of the tissues of the body and of how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs. 2. Histology=Microscopic anatomy  3. Section preparation and HE staining  4. Other methods

  19. Chapter 1. The Cell

  20. 1. Structure of cell • Plasma membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleus

  21. 1.1 plasma membrane • Structure • Unit membrane • Components: Lipids: Proteins: Saccharids:

  22. Lipids • Phospholipids • Cholestrol

  23. Function of the plasma membrane • Separate cell from external environment • Transportation • Communication

  24. 1.2 Cytoplasm

  25. Organelles in cytoplasm • Mitochondria • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi complex (apparatus) • Lysosomes • Centrosome • Microbodies • Granules

  26. 1. Mitochondria

  27. Mitochondria EM x25 000

  28. Function: Energy release and storageelectron transport system

  29. 2. Ribosomes • 20x30 nm in size, small electron-dense particles. • Composed of four types of rRNA and almost 80 different proteins • Protein synthesis

  30. 3. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Smooth ER Rough ER

  31. EM x 40,000 sER and rER

  32. Function of ER • RER Segregate proteins not destined for the cytosol. Modify newly formed polypeptides. • SER Contain enzymes for hormones synthesis. Synthesize phospholipids for all membranes.

  33. 4. Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus) EM x 30 000

  34. Process and package lipids and proteins before sending them to their final destination

  35. 1.3 Nucleus

  36. Components • Nuclear envelope • Chromatin • Nucleolus • Nuclear matrix Function DNA duplication, RNA transcription

  37. Summary • Cell is the basic morphologic and functional unit of an organism • Plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus • Many organelles in cytoplasm Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cells. Ribosomes are responsible for protein translation. RER is the site of protein synthesis in a cell and lipids are made in SER Golgi complex process and package protein.

  38. Questions • Give the names of four basic tissues？ • What dose basophilic andacidophilic mean? • How to make sections for light microscope observation?

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