Chapter 7: Grammar

1. Chapter 7: Grammar TSL 4240

2. What is GRAMMAR? Grammar is the system of rules pertaining to how the sentences of a language are constructed. The components of a sentence must agree on these five levels Number: singular, plural, non-countable etc. Person: First Person, Second Person, Third Person Tense: Present, Past, and Future Voice: Active, Passive Gender: Male, Female, (Neuter)

3. Gender Number Tense Gender Person Monaknows where she can buy cheap vegetables in Orlando. Voice: Active

4. 9 Parts of Speech It isimportant to understand that every word in a sentence has a job to do, a role in the sentence Noun Verb Adjective Pronoun Articles Adverb Interjections Prepositions Conjunctions

5. NOUN: A word that names a person, place, thing, or a feelings Countable Nouns: Names given to the things that can be counted are countable names- bottle, computer etc. Non-Countable Nouns: Names given to the things/ideas that can not be counted- water, sugar etc. Common Nouns: General names given to things, ideas, places- first letter is not capitalized- boy, love, city etc. Proper Nouns: Names given to specific things- First letter is capitalized- Peter, Orlando, America, the White House etc.

6. Common ELL errors with nouns Omission of plural ~s: five girl, six boy Unnecessary plural ~s: every girls, each boys, one birds Wrong noun ending (Overgeneralization): enjoyation Not capitalizing proper nouns: He lives in orlando, florida.

7. What is an ARTICLE? A word that adds something to the meaning of a noun, and it is always used before a noun (not pronoun) Definite Article (The): Identifies already known things, like ‘The bicycle was not only red but shiny.’ ARTICLE Indefinite Articles (A, An): Used before the nouns that are introduced for the first time, like ‘ She has an orange in her hand.’ • Nouns that start with vowel letter take ‘an’: an hour, an apple etc. • Nouns that start with consonant letter take ‘a’: a school, a bus etc.

8. Common ELL errors with articles • Not using articles with singular count nouns • Ex: * Istanbul is beautiful city. • Ex: * That is way to get good grade. • Using the with nonspecific noncount or plural nouns • Ex: * You must have the education to succeed. • Ex: * The people are generally good.

9. What is a PRONOUN? • Pronoun – a word that can take the place of a noun • Annie teaches at Tom’s school . She teaches at his school. • In English, there are 9 types of pronouns • subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and reciprocal pronouns • Also, possessive adjectives act like pronouns!

10. Types of PRONOUNS Personal Pronouns-Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they Personal Pronoun-Object : me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs Possessive *Adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those Interrogative Pronouns: who, whom, what, which, whose Relative Pronouns: who, whom, which, whose, that, whomever, whichever, and wherever Indefinite Pronouns: anybody, each, either, none, someone, one Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself, themselves, herself Reciprocal Pronouns: each other, one another Some books refer to possessive adjectives as possessive determiners

11. Imagine life without PRONOUNS Last weekend Susan and Susan’s friends went to Disney World. Susan and Susan’s friends had never been to Disney World before. Susan and Susan’s friends rode many rides. Susan bought many souvenirs, but Susan lost many of the souvenirs when Susan set the souvenirs down and forgot the souvenirs. Susan’s friend Megan laughed at Susan, but Susan’s friend Tom felt bad. Tom bought Susan some new souvenirs.

12. Teaching Possessive Adjectives • Potential Problems: • Confusion between contractions and possessive adjectives • Put the book in it’s/its place. What about they’re/their/there? • Confusion between possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives • The book is her/hers. The chocolate is my/mine. • Mine/My cat is black and white. Her/Hers book is blue.

13. Teaching PRONOUNS • Potential Problems with Interrogative Pronouns: • In many languages, that and what translate to just one word • Russian: что = that/what • Spanish: qué = what; que = that • French: numerous words translate to what and that, although que can mean both • Textbooks typically teach these as “question words” (including when, where, why, and how) not as Interrogative Pronouns

14. Teaching PRONOUNS • Relative Pronouns • Connects a relative clause to the rest of the sentence: who, that, which, whom (note: some are interrogative pronouns!) • I want to return the book that you lent me last week. • The man who is standing over there is my brother. • I want to know what my sister told you. • Potential Problems: • Used with more complicated grammatical structures (relative clauses) • In English we often omit relative pronouns; in other languages you can’t do this! • I want to return the book that you lent me. = I want to return the book you lent me.

15. Teaching PRONOUNS • Indefinite Pronouns • anybody, somebody, nobody, someone, something, no one, none, each, etc. • Does not refer to a specific person or thing • I heard something at the door, but when I opened it, nobody was there. • Potential Problems: • Double negative confusion: • I didn’t see anybody. (correct) • I didn’t see nobody. (incorrect) • Indefinite pronouns are SINGULAR in English, but they can be plural in other languages • Everyone has a car. (correct) • Everyone have a car. (incorrect)

16. Teaching PRONOUNS • Reflexive Pronouns • used to refer to a subject that has already been named within the sentence: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves • I bought myself a latte. Tom gave himself a pat on the back. • Reciprocal Pronouns • used to identify an action or feeling that is reciprocated and always refers to more than one person • each other, one another • Sue and Tom gave presents to each other. • They love one another.

17. What is a VERB? • Verb – a word that shows ACTIONS Like- Showing action (I teach TSL 4240.). or STATES: Showing “being” (You are students in this class.)Like- be-verbs * Each verb has four basic forms: Simple, Simple Past, Past Particle, and Present Participle

18. Common verb errors for ELLs 1. Misuse of ‘have’ for ‘be’: We have hungry now. Let’s eat. 2.Lack of verb ending for 3rd person singular: He drive a car. 3. Many ELLS don’t use auxiliary verbs in negating: My sister no lives in Texas now. 4.Many do not use auxiliary verbs in questions: Why you need more medicine? 5.Wrong verb tense: present tense for present progressive: She can’t go now because she cooks the dinner. 6.Wrong verb tense: present tense for present perfect: How long do you live here? 7.Verb tense switches:Their oldest son became a doctor, so the youngest decides to go to medical school too. 8.Lack of direct object for a transitive verb: The dinner was great. We enjoyed very much. 9.Use of infinitives instead of base verbs after modals: I believe that everyone should to learn a second language.

19. Phrasal Verbs • A verb made of a combination of two or more words - Examples: cut off, look up, turn off, look after - I cut off my jeans and made some cute shorts. - She looked up the meaning in her dictionary. - Turn off the lights when you leave the room. - Can you look after my dog this weekend? • These are EXTREMELY difficult for ELLs! - Most other languages do NOT have phrasal verbs - ELLs will translate the parts of the verb separately - Phrasal verbs lack literal translations - Phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning

20. Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs can be Separable or Non-Separable • Separable phrasal verbs can be separated • I need you to fill out this form. • I need you to fill this form out. • Tom will pick up Susan at the airport. • Tom will pick Susan up at the airport. • Non-Separable phrasal verbs can’t be separated. • Can you look after my dog? • You can count on me to help. • I don’t know how you put up with me. http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/phrasal-verbs-list.htm

21. What is an ADJECTIVE? • Adjective – a word that describes a noun or a pronoun (They answer which, what kind, and how many questions) • Thebeautifulwoman wanted new shoes. • He is handsome. • They are handsome. • The rainy day made us even sadder. In English, adjectives are the same, no matter the number and gender of what they describe This is not the case for many other languages! (examples?)

22. ADJECTIVES in other languages Spanish: El nino es muy guapo. Laniña es muy guapa. Losniños son muy guapos. Lasniñas son muy guapas. Losniñosy lasniñas son muy guapos. Both Gender and Number affect and alter the adjective If there are plural masculine AND feminine nouns in the same sentence, the masculine form prevails! Doesn’t it make it a lot more difficult to describe things? (If you are used to English?) Remember the ‘negative transfer’ concept?

23. What is an ADVERB? A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (answer how, where, when, and to what extent) • Modifying a Verb: Gas prices rose sharply. • Modifying an Adjective: The profits were vastly lower this quarter. • Modifying an Adverb: The prices rose incredibly fast.

24. What is a PREPOSITION? Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and the rest of the sentence. through among under on between up next to in behind down with ahead of in front of

25. Types of PREPOSITIONS? • Types of prepositions: • Prepositions of Place (The mouse is in the box.) • Prepositions of Time (It will start at 12:00.) From: Keys to Teaching Grammar to English Language Learners by Keith S. Folse

26. What is a CONJUNCTION? • Conjunction – connects parts of a sentence (clauses) together • Conjunctions include: • coordinating conjunctions – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so: FANBOYS • subordinating conjunctions – introduces a dependent clause. It includes words like after, because, if, since, unless • correlative conjunctions – transitional devices that connect two main ideas. It includes words like however, likewise, nonetheless

27. What is an INTERJECTION? • Interjection – A word that expresses strong feeling or emotion. • Examples: • Great! • Exactly! • What?! • Awesome! • Ouch!

28. Descriptive Approach Description of the regular structures of the language as it is used. Structural Analysis: investigates the distribution of forms in the language - Test-frames; Ex: The……………………………makes a lot of noise. Ex: I heard a………………………yesterday. Nouns: Noun phrases:

29. Descriptive Approach (II) Constituent Analysis: investigates the distribution of forms in a language (noun phrase) (verb phrase) (noun phrase) (prep. phrase) An old man brought a shotgun to the wedding The woman kept a bird in a cage I saw him recently Labeled and bracketed sentences

30. Descriptive Approach (III): Hierarchical organization S NP VP Art Adj N V PP P NP Art N The old tree swayed in the wind Ex: The old tree swayed in the win

31. The Apostrophe We use the apostrophe for contractions: I’m a teacher. We use apostrophes to show possession: Nicole’s students. We do NOT use apostrophes to showplurality: The two dog’s were hungry. The two dogs were hungry. 

32. Contractions Had or Would? I + had I + would he + had he + would she + had she + would it + had it + would you + had you + would we + had we + would they + had they + would I’d he + has = he’s she + has = she’s it + has = it’s he’d she’d it’d you’d we’d they’d BE I am = I’m he is = he’s she is = she’s it is = it’s you are = you’re we are = we’re they are = they’re was not = wasn’t were not = weren’t will not = won’t

33. Identify all Parts of Speech here… “The beautiful queen was walking slowly on the cool lawn, and she was reading a long book about knights and kings, which she really enjoyed.”

34. ANSWERS… The beautiful queen was walking slowly on article adjective noun verb verb adverb Preposition the cool lawn, and she was reading article adjective noun conjunction pronoun verb verb a long story about knights and kings, articleadjective noun preposition noun conjunction noun which she really enjoyed. pronoun pronoun adverb verb What types of articles do we see here? What types of pronouns? Verbs can be also auxiliary. Which are they in these sentences? What types of articles can we identify?

35. Resources • This book is a great resource for EFL/ESL teachers • http://a4esl.org/q/f/index.html • http://www.eslcafe.com/quiz/ • http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/