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Statistics

Statistics. Statistical Inference About Means and Proportions With Two Populations. STATISTICS in PRACTICE. Statistics plays a major role in pharmaceutical research. Statistical methods are used to test and develop new drugs.

colin-benson
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Statistics

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  1. Statistics Statistical Inference About Means and Proportions With Two Populations

  2. STATISTICSin PRACTICE • Statistics plays a major role in pharmaceutical research. Statistical methods are used to test and develop new drugs. • In most studies, the statistical method involves hypothesis testing for the difference between the means of the new drug population and the standard drug population.

  3. STATISTICSin PRACTICE • In this chapter you will learn how to construct interval estimates and make hypothesis tests about means and proportions with two populations.

  4. Contents • Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: s 1 and s2 Known • Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: s 1 and s2 Unknown • Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples • Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Proportions

  5. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: s 1 and s 2 Known • Point and Interval Estimation of m1–m2 The Point Estimator of m1–m2 is Interval Estimation of m1–m2 is

  6. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: s 1 and s 2 Known • Hypothesis Tests About m1–m2 D0: hypothesized difference between m1–m2

  7. Estimating the Difference BetweenTwo Population Means • Let1equal the mean of population 1 and • 2equal the mean of population 2. • The difference between the two population • means is1 - 2. • To estimate1 -2, we will select a simple • random sample of sizen1from population 1 • and a simple random sample of sizen2from population 2.

  8. Estimating the Difference Between Two Population Means • Letequal the mean of sample 1 and • equal the mean of sample 2. • The point estimator of the difference between the means of the populations 1 and 2is .

  9. Sampling Distribution of • Expected Value • Standard Deviation (Standard Error) where:1 = standard deviation of population 1 2 = standard deviation of population 2 n1 = sample size from population 1 n2= sample size from population 2

  10. Interval Estimation of 1 - 2:s 1 and s 2 Known • Interval Estimate where: 1 - is the confidence coefficient

  11. Interval Estimation of 1 - 2:s 1 and s 2 Known • Example: Par, Inc. Par, Inc. is a manufacturer of golf equipment and has developed a new golf ball that has been designed to provide “extra distance.” In a test of driving distance using a mechanical driving device, a sample of Par golf balls was compared with a sample of golf balls made by Rap, Ltd., a competitor. The sample statistics appear on the next slide.

  12. Interval Estimation of1 - 2:s1 and s2 Known • Example: Par, Inc. Sample #1 Par, Inc. Sample #2 Rap, Ltd. Sample Size 120 balls 80 balls Sample Mean 275 yards 258 yards Based on data from previous driving distance tests, the two population standard deviations are known with s 1 = 15 yards and s 2 = 20 yards.

  13. Interval Estimation of1 - 2:s 1ands 2Known • Example: Par, Inc. Let us develop a 95% confidence interval estimate of the difference between the mean driving distances of the two brands of golf ball.

  14. Population 2 Rap, Ltd. Golf Balls m2= mean driving distance of Rap golf balls Population 1 Par, Inc. Golf Balls m1 = mean driving distance of Par golf balls Simple random sample of n2 Rap golf balls x2 = sample mean distance for the Rap golf balls Simple random sample of n1 Par golf balls x1 = sample mean distance for the Par golf balls = Point Estimate of μ1– μ2 Estimating the Difference BetweenTwo Population Means μ1– μ2 = difference between the mean distances

  15. Point Estimate of1 - 2 Point estimate of1-2 = = 275 - 258 = 17 yards where: 1= mean distance for the population of Par, Inc. golf balls 2 = mean distance for the population of Rap, Ltd. golf balls

  16. 17 5.14 or 11.86 yards to 22.14 yards Interval Estimation of 1 - 2:1 and 2 Known We are 95% confident that the difference between the mean driving distances of Par, Inc. balls and Rap, Ltd. balls is 11.86 to 22.14 yards.

  17. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Known • Hypotheses Left-tailed Right-tailed Two-tailed • Test Statistic

  18. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Known • Example: Par, Inc. Can we conclude, using α = .01, that the mean driving distance of Par, Inc. golf balls is greater than the mean driving distance of Rap, Ltd. golf balls?

  19. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Known • p –Value and Critical Value Approaches 1. Develop the hypotheses. H0: 1 - 2< 0 Ha: 1 - 2 > 0 where: 1 = mean distance for the population of Par, Inc. golf balls 2 = mean distance for the population of Rap, Ltd. golf balls 2. Specify the level of significance. a = .01

  20. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Known • p –Value and Critical Value Approaches 3. Compute the value of the test statistic.

  21. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Known • p –Value Approach 4. Compute the p–value. For z = 6.49, the p –value < .0001. 5. Determine whether to reject H0. Because p–value<a = .01, we reject H0. At the .01 level of significance, the sample evidence indicates the mean driving distance of Par, Inc. golf balls is greater than the mean driving distance of Rap,Ltd. golf balls.

  22. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Known • Critical Value Approach 4. Determine the critical value and rejection rule. For a= .01,z.01= 2.33 Reject H0 if z> 2.33 5. Determine whether to reject H0. Because z = 6.49 > 2.33, we reject H0.

  23. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Known • Critical Value Approach The sample evidence indicates the mean driving distance of Par, Inc. golf balls is greater than the mean driving distance of Rap, Ltd. golf balls.

  24. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: s 1 and s 2 Unknown • Interval Estimation of m1–m2 • Hypothesis Tests About m1–m2 • H0: m1–m2 =0 • Ha: m1–m2 0

  25. Interval Estimation of 1 - 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown When s 1 and s 2 are unknown, we will: • use the sample standard deviations s1 • and s2 as estimates ofs1ands 2, and • replaceza/2withta/2

  26. Interval Estimation of 1 - 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown • Interval Estimate where the degrees of freedom forta/2are:

  27. Difference Between Two Population Means : s1ands 2Unknown • Example: Specific Motors Specific Motors of Detroit has developed a new automobile known as the M car. 24 M cars and 28 J cars (from Japan) were road tested to compare miles-per-gallon (mpg) performance. The sample statistics are shown on the next slide.

  28. Difference Between Two Population Means : s1and s 2Unknown • Example: Specific Motors Sample #1 M Cars Sample #2 J Cars 24 cars 28 cars Sample Size 29.8 mpg 27.3 mpg Sample Mean 2.56 mpg 1.81 mpg Sample Std. Dev.

  29. Difference Between Two Population Means : s1ands 2Unknown • Example: Specific Motors Let us develop a 90% confidence interval estimate of the difference between the mpg performances of the two models of automobile.

  30. Point estimate of1-2 = Point Estimate of m 1-m 2 = 29.8 - 27.3 = 2.5 mpg where: 1=mean miles-per-gallon for the population of M cars 2= mean miles-per-gallon for the population of J cars

  31. Interval Estimation of m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown The degrees of freedom forta/2are: Witha/2 = .05anddf = 24, ta/2= 1.711

  32. Interval Estimation of m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown 2.5 + 1.069 or 1.431 to 3.569mpg We are 90% confident that the difference between the miles-per-gallon performances of M cars and J cars is 1.431 to 3.569 mpg.

  33. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown • Hypotheses Left-tailed Right-tailed Two-tailed • Test Statistic

  34. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown • Example: Specific Motors Can we conclude, using a .05 level of significance, that the miles-per-gallon (mpg) performance of M cars is greater than the miles-per- gallon performance of J cars?

  35. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown • p –Value and Critical Value Approaches 1. Develop the hypotheses. H0: 1 - 2< 0 Ha: 1 - 2 > 0 where: 1 = mean mpg for the population of M cars 2 = mean mpg for the population of J cars

  36. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown • p –Value and Critical Value Approaches 2. Specify the level of significance. a= .05 3. Compute the value of the test statistic.

  37. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown • p –Value Approach 4. Compute the p –value. The degrees of freedom forta/2are: Becauset= 4.003 > t.005= 2.797,the p–value< .005.

  38. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown • p –Value Approach 5. Determine whether to reject H0. Becausep–value<a = .05, we rejectH0. We are at least 95% confident that the miles-per-gallon (mpg) performance of M cars is greater than the miles-per-gallon performance of J cars?.

  39. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown • Critical Value Approach Determine the critical value and rejection rule. For a = .05 anddf= 24,t.05= 1.711 RejectH0ift>1.711

  40. Hypothesis Tests About m 1-m 2:s 1 and s 2 Unknown • Critical Value Approach 5. Determine whether to rejectH0. Because4.003>1.711, we rejectH0. We are at least 95% confident that the miles-per-gallon (mpg) performance of M cars is greater than the miles-per-gallon performance of J cars?.

  41. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples • With a matched-sample design each sampled itemprovides a pair of data values. • This design often leads to a smaller sampling error than the independent-sample design because variation between sampled items is eliminated as a source of sampling error.

  42. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples • Example: Express Deliveries A Chicago-based firm has documents that must be quickly distributed to district offices throughout the U.S. The firm must decide between two delivery services, UPX (United Parcel Express) and INTEX (International Express), to transport its documents.

  43. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples • Example: Express Deliveries In testing the delivery times of the two services, the firm sent two reports to a random sample of its district offices with one report carried by UPX and the other report carried by INTEX. Do the data on thenext slide indicate a difference in mean delivery times for the two services? Use a .05 level of significance.

  44. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples Delivery Time (Hours) District Office UPX INTEX Difference 32 30 19 16 15 18 14 10 7 16 25 24 15 15 13 15 15 8 9 11 7 6 4 1 2 3 -1 2 -2 5 Seattle Los Angeles Boston Cleveland New York Houston Atlanta St. Louis Milwaukee Denver

  45. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples • p –Value and Critical Value Approaches 1. Develop the hypotheses. H0: d = 0 Ha: d Let d = the mean of the difference values for the two delivery services for the population of district offices

  46. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples • p –Value and Critical Value Approaches a = .05 2. Specify the level of significance. 3. Compute the value of the test statistic.

  47. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples • p –Value Approach 4. Compute the p –value. For t = 2.94anddf= 9, the p–value is between.02 and .01. (This is a two-tailed test, so we double the upper-tail areas of .01 and .005.)

  48. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples • p –Value Approach 5. Determine whether to rejectH0. Because p–value<a= .05, we rejectH0. We are at least 95% confident that there is a difference in mean delivery times for the two services?

  49. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples • Critical Value Approach Determine the critical value and rejection rule. Fora= .05 anddf= 9, t.025= 2.262. RejectH0if t>2.262

  50. Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Samples • Critical Value Approach 5. Determine whether to rejectH0. Becauset= 2.94> 2.262, we rejectH0. We are at least 95% confident that there is a difference in mean delivery times for the two services?

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