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Basic Operation Principles and Electrical Conversion Systems of Wind Turbines

Basic Operation Principles and Electrical Conversion Systems of Wind Turbines. H. Polinder, S.W.H. de Haan, J.G. Slootweg, M.R. Dubois. Norpie, 14-16 June 2004. 1 Introduction. Environmental concern. 1 Structure. Introduction Basic relations Often used generator systems

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Basic Operation Principles and Electrical Conversion Systems of Wind Turbines

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  1. Basic Operation Principles and Electrical Conversion Systems of Wind Turbines H. Polinder, S.W.H. de Haan, J.G. Slootweg, M.R. Dubois Norpie, 14-16 June 2004

  2. 1 Introduction Environmental concern

  3. 1 Structure • Introduction • Basic relations • Often used generator systems • Alternatives and trends • Conclusions

  4. 2 Basic relations: power coefficient

  5. 2 Power curves

  6. 2 Stall principle Increasing wind speed > increasing angle of attack Blade design so that at rated power the airflow becomes loose from the blade > eddy’s

  7. 2 Energy yield

  8. 2 Rated speed Rated speed limited because of noise production by blade tip speed:

  9. 2 Generator dimensions For direct drive:

  10. 3 Generator systems Constant speed • Squirrel cage induction generator • Stall principle Variable speed with gear • Doubly-fed induction generator • Pitch Variable speed direct drive • Synchronous generator • Pitch

  11. 3 Generator system with gear example

  12. 3 Direct drive generator example

  13. 3 Output power of generator systems

  14. 3 Comparison of generator systems

  15. 4 Alternatives • Squirrel cage induction generator with converter • + Brushless generator • + Cheaper (IG) generator • + Grid fault ride through capabilities • - More expensive converter • - More converter losses • Brushless synchronous generator with converter • + More efficient generator

  16. 4 Trends in geared generator systems • Towards variable speed • Hardly development in doubly-fed induction generators • Development in converter performance during grid faults • Brushless synchronous generator?

  17. 4 Trends in direct drive systems Unique machines: • low speed • high torque • limited efficiency • Induced voltage • Resistive voltage drop > Interesting research field!

  18. 4 Trends in direct drive systems • From electrical to permanent-magnet excitation • lower losses • significant reduction in active mass • reduction of magnet cost • Not from radial to axial flux • axial flux may be smaller • but axial flux is heavier and more expensive

  19. 4 Trends in direct-drive: transverse flux?

  20. 4 Trends in trends in voltage levels • The current voltage level is mostly 400 - 700 - 1000 V • Windformer ABB • Zephyros: 3 - 4 kV • NEG-Micon (VTDI) stator: 6 kV • Expected: trend to several kV to limit losses

  21. 5 Conclusions • Trend towards variable speed • Geared and direct-drive turbines will remain both • Radial flux permanent-magnet machine most suitable for direct-drive • Rise of voltage level up to several kV for large turbines

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