1 / 31

Lithosphere vs Asthenosphere

Lithosphere vs Asthenosphere. Plate Motion. Plate Tectonics and Rock Cycle. Geological Processes for Gemstones Formation. Magmatic mineral deposits concentrated in igneous rocks; Hydrothermal/Pegmatitic mineral deposits form in association with hot water - or gas -rich fluids

collin
Download Presentation

Lithosphere vs Asthenosphere

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Lithosphere vs Asthenosphere

  2. Plate Motion

  3. Plate Tectonics and Rock Cycle

  4. Geological Processes for Gemstones Formation Magmatic mineral deposits concentrated in igneous rocks; Hydrothermal/Pegmatitic mineral deposits form in association with hot water- or gas-rich fluids Metamoprhogenic mineral deposits concentrated by metamorhism / metasomatism Sedimentary mineral deposits are precipitated from a solution, typically sea water; Placer minerals are sorted and distributed by flow of water (or ice); Residual mineral deposits formed by weathering reactions at the earth's

  5. Schematic model of a fully grown kimberlite pipe

  6. Pegmatite Pegmatite Gneiss Gneiss

  7. Gem-bearing Pegmatites Pegmatite is often found in veins (dikes) penetrating into surrounding continental country rock, although it can exist as very large bodies also (stock or batholith size). As with all felsic rocks, is found on continents. It is one of the last fractionation products and typically results from partial melting of the lower crust. http://geollab.jmu.edu/Fichter/IgnRx/GranAlk4B1.html

  8. Pegmatite containing tourmaline

  9. Cassedanne, J.P. and Roditi. M., 1996.The location, geology and mineralogy of gem tourmalines in Brazil.Journal of Gemmology, Volume 25, No. 4, pp. 263-298. Tourmaline-bearing pegmatites, which commonly are lens-shaped, are variable in their strike and dip, and show a range of patterns of zoning and albitization. Wallrocks are mica schists, quartzites or rarely granite or gneiss, all Precambrian in age. The pegmatites occur either singly or in fields or clusters and belong to the Brazilian tectonic cycle (650-450 m.y.). Five types of gem-bearing pegmatites are described: 1) poorly differentiated, almost homogeneous, with small albitic replacement bodies; 2) poorly differentiated with strong albitization; 3) zoned with small albitic replacement bodies; 4) zoned with strong albitization; 5) lithium-rich, very well zoned, with strong albitization.

  10. Spessartite in pegmatite matrix http://www.mineralminers.com/html/spemins.stm

  11. This photograph shows giant lithium crystals of the mineral spodumene in a pegmatite in the Black Hills of South Dakota. http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/earth/geoscience/pegmat.html

  12. Spodumene • From the Greek, spodoumenos, meaning "burnt to ash". Spodumene forms as flattened, prism-shaped crystals that can be very large, up to 16 meters long and weighing several tons. The crystals have fine, vertical ridges (striations). Spodumene can be colored white, gray, yellowish, green (hiddenite), and pink to purple (kunzite). http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/minerals /spodumene.html

  13. Spodumene are an important source of lithium. Hiddenite and kunzite are used as gemstones even though spodumene cracks easily. It is found only in granite pegmatites. It can be found in Scotland, Sweden, Brazil, Burma, and parts of North America. Kunzite, the pale pink to lilac gem variety of the mineral spodumene, is named as a tribute to George Kunz, the legendary gem scholar, gemologist, and gem buyer. It is often found in association with morganite and pink tourmaline, the other popular pink gemstones. Today most kunzite is mined in Brazil, Afghanistan, and Madagascar. Hiddenite is the green variety of spodumene. It is an attractive gem mineral, but is rare andfor the most part known only to collectors.

  14. Gemstones in Volcanic Rocks Peridot in Vesicular Basalt

  15. Hydrothermal Gemstone Colombian Beryl Deposits

  16. Gemstones as Products of Weathering

  17. Origin of Gem Gravels Gemstones in dikes or veins Underwater potholes Channel bed rifles Water Fall Point Bar Tributary Beach Placer

  18. Placer Gem Deposits NAMIBIA NAMIBIA COLOMBIA VIETNAM

  19. METAMORPHIC GEMSTONE : JADEITE Jadeite - is a sodium aluminum pyroxene that is characterized by its presence in metamorphic rocks formed at relatively high pressure. It can form by a reaction of Albite to produce : NaAlSi3O8 = NaAlSi2O6 + SiO2 Albite = Jadeite + Quartz

  20. JET JEWELLERY

  21. (Malm) (Dogger) (Lias)

  22. http://www.whitbyjet.co.uk/aboutjet.html Monkey-puzzle tree or Chilean pine

  23. Amber: the Jurassic Gem Millions of people learned from the movie that amber, which is fossilized pine tree sap, is ancient and valuable, like an antique from previous history. The two main sources of amber on the market today are the Baltic states and the Dominican Republic. Amber from the Baltic states is older, and therefore preferred on the market, but amber from the Dominican Republic is more likely to have insect inclusions. Prices of amber can range from $20 to $40,000 or more. www.gemstone.org The amber, which was from the Lower Cretaceous period, was mined in the mountains of Lebanon south of Beirut by Aftim Acra, who has a collection of amber pieces containing 700 insects, including termites, moths, caterpillars, spiders, pseudoscorpions, and midges, which do suck blood.

  24. Lapis Lazuli Lapis Lazuli is a rock composed chiefly of the blue silicate mineral lazurite, together with calcite and brassy-coloured pyrite which are abundant in the poorer quality material. The vivid blue of lazurite is cause by the sulphur that forms an essential part of its chemistry. Today lapis lazuli is also mined in Siberia and in Chile, but material from these sources usually contains much calcite.

  25. Lapis Lazuli is normally a mixture of three minerals: • lazurite (Na,Ca)8 (AlSiO4 )6 (S,SO4 ,Cl)1-2 • calcite (calcium carbonate, which is white) • pyrite (an iron sulfide that is white-gold in color) • Lapis lazuli, is a contact metamorphic rock with variable composition and varying physical properties. It usually forms by contact metamorphism of limestones. Lazurite is a felspathoid (somewhat feldspar-like) cubic (thus, isotropic) hardness: 5.5 S.G. 2.7 - 2.9 vitreous / greasy luster.

  26. For many centuries the only known deposits were those at Sar-i-Sang, in a remote mountain valley in Badakhshan, Afghanistan. At Sar-i-Sang the lapis lazuli occurs as a zone of lenses and veins within white marble, and grades from deep to pale blue with some violet and greenish tints. From here it was exported to the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Sumer (Ira), and later traded throughout the East and into Europe. These mines are still producing the finest quality lapis lazuli. 1 cm.. Lazurite crystal in quartz matrix

More Related