1. John Rolfe

1. 1. John Rolfe • In 1612, Rolfe created tobacco. • John Rolfe began to grow tobacco plants in Jamestown, which was very popular at the time in West Indies. This crop helped the settlement flourish and provided much of the economy of Jamestown from that time. Since tobacco was so profitable, more people began to travel to the New World and start new plantations further in the land. This demand created the “Headright System” which promoted travel in exchange for fifty-acre land grants. He later married Pocahontas which established a alliance between the Jamestown settlers and the Powhatan tribe. • Pages 30-32 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Pocahontas_Rolfe_crop.jpg

2. 2. John Smith • Became leader of Jamestown around 1608 • Prior to John Smith’s arrival, Jamestown was is disarray and the settlement was barely surviving. He is contributed to Jamestown survival by creating the “work or get out” policy, raiding local Indian tribes, and forming good relations with the local Powhatan tribe. When he left Jamestown due to injury, the settlement started to struggle stressing how Smith was such a vital leader for Jamestown. • Pages 29-32 http://wg-apush.wikispaces.com/file/view/jsmith.gif/433249924/jsmith.gif

3. 3. Jamestown • Founded 1607 • Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in the new colony. The settlement was on the James River close to the Chesapeake Bay. At first, most of the inhabitants were wealthy Englishmen then after John Smith’s leadership called for hard work and dedication. Jamestown’s success was credited to John Rolfe’s tobacco plant which produced an economy for the settlement and influenced more people to travel to the New World and become wealthy off of tobacco and other riches. • Pages 29-32 http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/united-states/Jamestown-fort.jpg

4. 4. Plymouth • Founded September 1920 • The Plymouth Bay Colony is significant because it was the first English colony in the northern part of the New Word. The Pilgrims, type of Puritans, escaped England and settled in Massachusetts to have free religion practice. The northern colonies were primarily focused on religion while the southern colonies focused on economy. Even though the first years were very harsh they survived and created good relations with the Indians that lived in the North at the time. • Pages 36-40 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Plymouth_Colony_map.svg/609px-Plymouth_Colony_map.svg.png

5. 5. King Phillip’s War • War began in 1675 • The King Philip’s War was the largest conflict with colonists and Metacomet, or King Philip, and his Wampanoag tribe. This war began because of the expansion of colonists and ended with the destruction of the tribe and the death of Metacomet. The use of firearms and cannons were a great advantage over the Indians. This War would start constant warfare between the colonists and the native tribes. • Pages 40-42 http://www.sussexvt.k12.de.us/science/The%20History%20of%20the%20World%201500-1899/King%20Philip_files/image002.jpg

6. 6. Navigation Acts • 1660, 1663, 1673 • The English colonies began to trade with other nations like the Dutch and the Caribbean. These laws barred them to only trade with English ships, all goods had to go through taxation in England, and there will be inter-colonial taxes. These laws showed that England was in control and it also started the tensions that led to the Revolutionary War. • Pages 54-55 http://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/04_American-Government/03_Colonial-Foundations/pictures/Puritan-ships-arrive-in-Boston_1630.jpg

7. 7. Glorious Revolution • Took place in 1688 • James II was overthrown by his daughter Mary and William of Orange. This revolution effected the colonies by the Dominion of New England was destroyed and that the “hands off” policy was placed on the colonies. This policy would change when George I came to power were it would start the Revolutionary War. • Pages 54-56 http://www.landofthebrave.info/images/william-mary-1689.jpg

8. 8. Triangular Trade – p.72 - 73 • Date: 1650-1750 • Fueled the colonial economy in the 17th and 18th centuries. • Established the New World’s international economy. • Colonists were able to export raw materials to Europe, while they received slaves from Africa, and manufactured goods from Europe. http://worldwideimperialism.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/7/7/8977060/923480852.png?546

9. 9. Great Awakening – p. 82 - 83 • Date: 1730s – 1740s • Return to a religious focus, rather than materialistic focus on life. • Spurred by Enlightenment and development of new education and technology. • “Last ditch effort” to return people back to God and religion from the Enlightenment ideals of reason and natural law • Method of teaching was frightening the audience. http://citelighter-cards.s3.amazonaws.com/p17hvr93io1phca8ifpt1mln9s20_33638.png

10. 10. Enlightenment – p.83 • Date: 1700-1800 • Belief that reason, natural law, and rational thought, not just religious faith, creates human progress. • Growing interest in education, especially government and politics. • Established colonial belief that they could thrive without help from England. • Founding of premier schools, such as Harvard and Yale. • Undermining of British authority in the colonies, thus weakening the colonial relationship with England. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg

11. 11. French and Indian War – p.94 - 98 • Date: 1754-1763 • Series of conflicts between the English colonists against the French and several native tribes. • Fought over Ohio River Valley territory, claimed by French, English, and Native peoples. • Victory for English in the war not only won them the Ohio River Valley, but also military superiority in Europe. • Urge to win also placed England in a serious financial debt. • Since colonists actually fought the war, future taxes on the colonists, and a lack of full payment, infuriated them, and seriously increased the tension between Britain and the colonies. http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/1771808/french-indian-war-2.jpg?1317137958

12. 12. Proclamation of 1763 – p. 98-100 • Date: 1760s • Forbid colonists to expand west of the Appalachian mountains. • Passed due to immense war debt from French and Indian War, and British could not pay for another conflict, this time, against natives. • Angered colonists since they had just fought in nine year war, and won land they now can not use. • Law was mostly ignored, yet principle of it led to an increase in tension between the colonies and Britain. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg/506px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg.png

13. 13. Sugar, Stamp, and Currency Taxes – p. 100 - 101 • Date: 1764, 1765 • Taxes placed on colonists to repay war debt. • Taxed everyday items, such as paper and sugar. • These taxes angered colonists not because of the tax itself, but the fact that the colonists were being taxed without being represented in the government in England. • Spurred formation of groups such as the Sons of Liberty and produced a merchant boycott on 40% of English goods. http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/115467/flashcards/771775/gif/taxes.gif

14. 14. Boston Massacre – p. 103 - 104 • Date: March 5, 1770 • British redcoats shot and killed five colonists, who were “harassing” them, in Boston, Massachusetts. • Labeled by colonists as massacre, as it made the event seem much more serious. • Also labeled as an attack by a government on their own people, thus making the government oppressive. • Informal beginning of American revolution. • Committees of Correspondence became unifying force for colonists. http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamericanimages/larger/events1/pics/BostonMassacre1.jpg

15. #15:Lexington and Concord • Pg. 111-112 • April 19th, 1775 • The British under Thomas Gage marched from Boston to Lexington and Concord, to seize ammunition, and John Hancock and Sam Adams. The first shots the Revolutionary War were fired, and the colonists won a small victory, using guerilla warfare to send the Brits running back to Boston http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/48/101048-004-9D28517E.gif

16. #16: Declaration of Independence • Pg. 116 • July 4th, 1776 • The document signed in Independence Hall in Philadelphia that officially declared the colonies independent of Britain. The document was written by Thomas Jefferson. The declaration stated that people the government had a right to protect life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

17. #17: George Washington • Pgs: 117-118, 120-121, 125 • 1775-1797 • Washington was an early advocate of independence and the major commander in chief for the colonial effort in the American Revolution. His victories in Trenton, Princeton, rallied American morale. He became the first president of the US in 1789. http://www.history.com/photos/george-washington/photo12

18. #18: Thomas Jefferson • Pgs: 116, 130, 183-185 • 1743-1826 • Thomas Jefferson was the main writer of the Declaration of Independence. He was the third president of the United States. He purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, and he worked through the “Impressment Scandals” involving Britain taking American sailors. http://www.history.com/photos/thomas-jefferson

19. #19: Battle of Bunker Hill • Pg: 119 • June 17th, 1775 • Fought on Breed’s Hill, the Battle of Bunker Hill, although a loss for the Americans, was a key confidence booster. The Americans retreated after inflicting severe casualties on the British troops. After this battle, the British moved the war out of the Boston area. http://www.celebrateboston.com/freepostcards/bunkerhill001.htm

20. #20: Saratoga • Pg. 121 • October 17th, 1777 • General Horatio Gates and the American forces surrounded and captured Burgoyne and his men in upstate New York, showing the world that the Americans can win. This also weakened the Iroquois Confederacy as its members began to break apart. • This was the turning point of the war because following Saratoga, the French decided to support the revolutionaries. http://www.historicalartprints.com/admin/gallery/Picture%201%20Breymanns%20Redoubt%20a.jpg

21. #21: Yorktown • Pg. 125 • October 17th, 1781 • The Battle of Yorktown was the final battle of the Revolutionary War. American and French troops surrounded Cornwallis and his men, and he surrendered all 7,000 of them in Yorktown Virginia http://www.britishbattles.com/images/yorktown/yorktown.jpg

22. 22. The Articles of Confederation • The Articles of confederation were drafted in 1777 by the continental congress. • The confederation provided a national government, and it expanded congresses powers to give authority to conduct wars and foreign relations as well as the authority to appropriate, borrow and issue money. • The confederation led to disagreements over the plan for congress with the varying Virginia and New Jersey plans. • After all thirteen states ratified the Confederation in 1781, it became the nation’s legislature until 1789. • Although many saw it as a failure, this was the crucial first step our government took to make it full proof with substantial powers to deal with interstate issues and to enforce its will on the states through the Constitution. • Pg. 136 http://www.philadelphia-reflections.com/images/articlesconf.jpg

23. 23. Shay’s Rebellion • Daniel Shay was a former captain of the continental army who in 1786, issued a set of demands that included a need for paper money, tax relief, and obliteration of imprisonment for debts. • He then lead his group of poor farmers who rallied behind him to prevent the collection of debts. • In the winter of 1797, the state militia cut off and dispersed Shay’s ragged band of troops who were trying to seize weapons from an arsenal in Springfield. • As a result of the rebellion, the protestors were offered tax relief and a postponement of debt payments, and it added urgency for the United States to push for a new, national constitution. • Pg. 139 http://chapter5vocabulary.blogspot.com/p/shays-rebellion.html

24. 24. Alexander Hamilton • Alexander Hamilton was the most resourceful advocate of the creation of a stronger national government. • He grew up as the son of a Scottish merchant in the west indies and became a successful lawyer. • He was among the first to call for a national convention to replace the articles of confederation. • Hamilton organized a meeting in Annapolis in 1786 and in Philadelphia in 1787 to discuss the need for a new constitution. • Lastly, he created a national bank in 1791 to create a safe place for government to deposit funds and to provide loans and currency to businesses. • He also created his own federalist program in 1972 to determine taxes that should be placed on people. • Pg. 142-143; 150-153 http://blogs.archives.gov/prologue/?p=8642

25. 25. James Madison • James Madison was a delegate from Virginia who was sent to Philadelphia in 1787 to propose his plan for a new national government. • He proposed the Virginia Plan which said that “a national government ought to be established consisting of a supreme Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary.” • His plan also called for two houses, the lower being determined by population and the upper who were elected by the upper. • His plan was a start to a new government but favored big states over smaller ones which was unfair and eventually lead to the Great Compromise on July 2, 1987 • Pg. 143-145; 150. http://www.newrepublic.com/book/review/james-madison-richard-brookhiser

26. 26. Checks and Balances • Checks and balances was an idea that was put into our national government where there are many centers of power. Each of which have the ability to check each other and not allow any one area of government to gain too much power and become corrupt. • The three major areas of legislation in our government are the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches. • Congress has two chambers that each check each other, the President can veto Congress, and judicial courts are protected from the other branches as they serve for life. • This system came into being with the Constitution in 1787. • Pg. 146-148. http://rachsushistoryandgovernment.wikispaces.com/Checks+and+Balances

27. 27. Bill of Rights • The Bill of Rights was the first ten amendments to the Constitution that were proposed on September 25, 1789 • These rights were essential to legitimize the new government and provide all citizens of the United States a form of written rights that they were all allowed to have. • Also, it placed limitations on the new government to forbid it from limiting the rights of freedom of speech, religion, press, immunity from arbitrary arrest, and trial by jury. • These amendments were not officially ratified by all the states until the end of 1792. • Pg. 150 http://constitutioncenter.org/experience/exhibitions/upcoming-exhibitions/the-bill-of-rights-exhibit

28. 28. Whiskey Rebellion • The whiskey rebellion was an uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in 1794. • The farmers refused to pay the new tax on whiskey and they began to use violence on tax collectors. • The government didn’t let Pennsylvania handle the dilemma but took the matter into their own hands • Washington called out the militias of three states and with a force of 15,000 men, the rebellion quickly collapsed. • This was important as it showed that the strong new government was willing to use force to impose it’s will and put down rebellions quickly and with no mercy. • This would drive others away from a potential rebellion as they saw the fate of the farmers in western Pennsylvania • Pg. 154-155 http://www.mountvernon.org/educational-resources/encyclopedia/whiskey-rebellion

29. 29. Alien and Sedition Acts • The Alien and Sedition acts were passed in 1798. The Alien acts were created to make it more difficult to for foreigners to become United States citizens. This gave the President more leverage against these aliens. The Sedition acts on the other hand were made to allow the government to keep a closer watch on Americans, so that it would be easier to discover who was plotting against the government. This allowed the government to shut down even the slightest speculation of sabotage against the U.S. The republicans believed that this was a federalist plan to end their power. • Page: 158 http://firstredscare.edublogs.org/files/2009/12/Gag_Rulers.gif

30. 30. Election of 1800 • The two candidates running for president in the election of 1800 were Thomas Jefferson, Republican, and John Adams, Federalist. The federalists stated that if Jefferson came to power he would bring with him terror. On the other hand, Republicans believed that if Adams were to win the presidency then he would become a tyrant and then proclaim himself king. Aaron Burr then stepped into the election, and with him much controversy followed. This controversy ended with Congress choosing who will be president, and it was decided that Burr was too untrustworthy, and it would be Jefferson who would win the election. • Pages: 159-160 http://voteview.com/images/Election_of_1800A.jpg

31. 31. Marbury V. Madison • The case of Marbury V. Madison occurred in 1803. Before Jefferson became president, John Adams passed the Judiciary Act of 1801. This increased the amount of Federal Judges greatly, and Adams proceeded to fill these new positions with Federalists Judges so that they would be able to overpower Jefferson. This was also known as the “Midnight appointments,” where the famed John Marshall was also appointed to Chief Justice of Supreme court. • When William Marbury’s appointment letter was not delivered by John Marshall, Marbury went to Madison, secretary of state, asking for his letter to be delivered, which Madison refused to do. Madison would later win this case because the court has no power of the secretary of state and what they do or do not do. However, although Marshall took the short time loss for the supreme court, he established judicial review, which would prove vital in the long run. Judicial review stated that the court had the final say in what a given law is stating. • Pages: 177-178 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Plaque_of_Marbury_v._Madison_at_SCOTUS_Building.JPGr

32. 32. Louisiana Purchase • The Louisiana purchase was made on April 30th 1803. Thomas Jefferson was president during the purchase of this land which doubled the size of the United States. The U.S. bought this land from the French for the very low price of 15 million dollars because the French, specifically Napoleon, were desperate for money because of the war they were fighting in Europe. After buying this, the U.S. was free to travel the Mississippi and the port of New Orleans as they pleased. Some say that this was one of the best moves of Jefferson's presidency, however there were some draw backs. The federalists stated that this move was unconstitutional and that Jefferson was misusing his power as presidency. • Pages: 179-181 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Plaque_of_Marbury_v._Madison_at_SCOTUS_Building.JPG

33. 33. Lewis and Clark • Lewis and Clark were sent on an expedition by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, shortly after the purchase was made. They made friends with a Native American woman known as Sacagawea and she helped them greatly on their venture. After they explored the newly purchased land, people began to move west so they themselves could too explore the land. This would soon give rise to the westward expansion. This was important because it showed that the U.S. had full intention of claiming all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Also, because this exploration was made, ideas such as manifest destiny began to come into existence, and the U.S. began to greatly expand. • Pages: 180-181 http://www.learningfromlyrics.org/landcessays_files/image001.jpg

34. 34. War of 1812 • The War of 1812 lasted from 1812 to 1814. At the time, Spain and Britain were allies, and Spain had control of the majority of Florida. The U.S. had great desire for this Spanish land, so they decided that the best way to get into a conflict with Spain was to declare war on their ally, Britain. For the first part of the war Britain was preoccupied with Napoleon and his growing empire, however when the Russians handed him an awful defeat, the British could now focus on the war with the United States. The U.S. would proceed to win this conflict. This war yielded many gains for the U.S. The national anthem was written on September 13th 1803 by Francis Scott key as he watched the Battle of Fort McHenry. Also, Florida was annexed from the Spanish. Lastly, this victory showed that the U.S. could defeat the British repeatedly, and that the U.S. was here to stay. • Pages: 188-192 http://www.josephsheppard.com/Public/PoliceFtMcHenryL.jpg

35. 35. Battle of New Orleans • The Battle of New Orleans took place January 8th 1815. This was a battle between a couple thousand veteran British troops, and a miscellaneous group of American soldiers, headed by Andrew Jackson. This was the final British offensive of the War, even though the war had technically ended weeks prior to this battle. The British casualty number was around a total of 2,600 men, while the U.S. was 21 men. This battle was very important because it showed the the United States could continue and would continue to not only fight the British, but defeat the British, as long as they had to. • Page: 189 http://www.oldgloryprints.com/Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg

36. 36. Era of Good Feelings • Pg. 201 • Date: 1814-1819 • The “Era of Good Feelings” was the period after the war of 1812 where the two party system came to an end. • In the election of 1816, Monroe won a very one-sided election with 183 ballot votes to 34 against his opponent, Rufus King. • The Nation faced no international threats but it ended in with the panic of 1819. http://image.slidesharecdn.com/eraofgoodfeelings-101012164619-phpapp02/95/slide-1-728.jpg?cb=1286920496

37. 37. Missouri Compromise • Pg. 205 • Date: 1820 • In 1819, Missouri, an area with a large presence of slaves, applied for admission into the union as a state, but the problem with this was that it would upset the balance of slave and free states. There were 11 free and 11 slave states in the union and Missouri would make it uneven, so the senate finally agreed to allow Missouri and Maine to both enter the union. Missouri became a slave state and Maine a free, maintaining the balance of slave and free states http://www.cyberlearning-world.com/lessons/ushistory/19thcentury/missouri7.jpg

38. 38. John Marshall • Pg. 206 • Chief Justice from 1801-1835 • John Marshall was the chief justice of the United states from 1801 to 1835. during this time he strengthened the power of the supreme court by making the court system the final say on whether or not something was constitutional or not. • This is known as Judicial Review http://patriotweek.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/john_marshall.jpg

39. 39. Monroe Doctrine • Pg. 209 • Date: 1823 • The Monroe Doctrine was the United States foreign policy that we will interfere with any European nation that tries to claim any more land in the America’s if they have already been kicked out. Until then they can rule as they please but when they are overthrown then they have to stay out. http://www.historytunes.com/images/synopsis/16.jpg

40. 40. Corrupt Bargain • Pg.210 • Date: 1824 • The corrupt bargain took place during the election of 1824 and it was the reason that John Quincy Adams was elected president. The two major contenders in the elections were Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson received the largest number of electoral votes but he did not receive a majority therefore the house of representatives had to choose among the 3 candidates with the most votes according to the 12th amendment. Those three candidate were Jackson, Adams, and Crawford ( who had become seriously ill). Henry Clay, knowing he was out of the race decided to spread his influence in the house and told everyone to vote for John Quincy Adams instead of Jackson even though Jackson received more popular votes and electoral votes. So Adams won the presidency and Henry clay was named his secretary of state because the secretary of state usually becomes the next president. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qw4VIPhNtzE/TtRCfwEe8WI/AAAAAAAAAAs/J0SrI5b76E0/s1600/ElectoralCollege1824-Large.png

41. 41. Election of 1828 • Pg. 211 • Date: 1828 • In the election of 1828 a new two party system had emerged, supporters of Adams called themselves the National Republicans and supporters of Andrew Jackson called themselves Democratic Republicans. During this election Jackson had a very big victory over Adams even though he had taken all of New England. http://practicallyhistorical.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/hang.jpg

42. 42. John C. Calhoun • Pg. 219 • Nullification crisis took place from 1832 to 1833 • In 1832, South Carolina was angry at the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and they had a state convention in which they decided to nullify those tariffs and forbid the collection of duties in the state. Jackson proposed a force bill in response to this which gave him the right to go down there with the army and force them to comply with the law but Henry Clay stepped in and made a plan that the tariff would slowly revert to its normal strength by 1842 and all was forgotten for now… http://www.quickmeme.com/img/2f/2f302cc2c70352bc48d944c2a34adceebf399ec9c1df2f01636c3369222b5c75.jpg

43. #43 Nullification Crisis • Date – 1832 • Significance – John C. Calhoun, then the Vice President, developed a theory of nullification to the Tariff of Abominations that was hurting South Carolinas economy. There was talk among Carolinians of succession, and President Andrew Jackson sent federal forces to enforce the Tariff. However, Henry Clay drafted a comprise that dissolved the conflict. Still the Crisis was a serious threat of Civil War and a sense of anger in the South towards the North. • Page – #221 https://www.google.com/search?q=Nullification+crisis&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=iIZ_U9DPOsK2sATB7IEY&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1040&bih=626#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=RUNHws4tgK5NAM%253A%3Bqrk5IT9yQzzu1M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fkis-ushistory.wikispaces.com%252Ffile%252Fview%252Ftariff_sc.jpg%252F35884027%252F388x333%252Ftariff_sc.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fkis-ushistory.wikispaces.com%252FStates'%252BRights%252Band%252Bthe%252BNullification%252BCrisis%3B380%3B282

44. #44 Trail of Tears • Date – 1831 • Significance – The removal of Indians on the Trail of Tears was the last large population left of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. A huge expanse of land was now available for American grow, farming and slavery. The forced march of Indians caused several small uprising but they were quickly suppressed. Also the Indian Removal made Jackson incredibly popular. • Page – #223 https://www.google.com/search?q=trail+of+tears&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=b4h_U5XRJ8zJsQS31oHgBw&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1040&bih=626#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=-in84AIpuoG_YM%253A%3BhDYdSoZCrr-wgM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.maxdstandley.com%252Ftrail_of_tears_series%252Fi%252Fthe_trail_of_tears.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.maxdstandley.com%252Ftrail_of_tears_series%252Fthe_trail_of_tears.html%3B775%3B463

45. #45 Nativism • Date – 1837 - 1854 • Significance –Nativism created a sense for the so called “Native Americans”, or people born in America, that they had racial superiority over the influx of immigrants. “Native Americans” were fearful that immigrants were going to take the jobs, bring in foreign cultures and sell there vote to elect politicians that would not protect their own business interests. • Page – #241 https://www.google.com/search?q=Nativism&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=y4h_U4X2C-jfsASqiIDABg&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=673&bih=646#q=Nativism&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=yYtOGoSXGbkbvM%253A%3BvpyUhehrX3ycDM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%252Fimmigration%252Fknow-nothing-flag.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%252Fnativism.htm%3B958%3B576

46. #46 Telegraph • Date – Commercially introduced in 1837 • Significance – The invention of the telegraph was the first time in human history that people could communicate from long distance instantly. With improved communication, America flourished because the new technology connected all of the nation. News could be reported across the country, businesses could coordinate, and people could maintain relationships. However the biggest role the telegraph had was in the Civil War when Union generals used it to direct there armies. • Page – #246 https://www.google.com/search?q=telegraph&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=p4l_U97VJrTIsASKg4GoAg&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=673&bih=646#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=IAO1YqTvvWaN6M%253A%3BEUy137GvgwmXNM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252F3.bp.blogspot.com%252F_CvDCiEFbNy8%252FTMRFikku3ZI%252FAAAAAAAAbGE%252F_k2Qd9oQ0Ao%252Fs1600%252FThis%252Bkey%252C%252Bbelieved%252Bto%252Bbe%252Bfrom%252Bthe%252Bfirst%252BAmerican%252Btelegraph%252Bline%252C%252Bwas%252Bbuilt%252Bby%252BAlfred%252BVail%252Bas%252Ban%252Bimprovement%252Bon%252BSamuel%252BMorse%2525E2%252580%252599s%252Boriginal%252Btransmitter..jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fsmokietx.blogspot.com%252F2013%252F10%252Fthe-transcontinental-telegraph-and-end.html%3B1000%3B787

47. #47 Railroad • Date – 1830’s - 1869 • Significance – The railroad, like the telegraph, also connected the nation. The railroad allowed for people and materials to be transported anywhere in the country at an incredibly fast rate. The expansion of the railroad is also seen as the height of the Industrial Age because of how the industry influenced the economy. Also, the railroad industry gave way to the first business tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt. • Page – #244 - 245 http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/thisdayintech/2010/11/railroad.jpg

48. #48 Cotton Kingdom • Date – 1776– 1860’s • Significance – While the South has produced other crops like tobacco, rice and sugar, cotton was the crop that controlled the South because of its popularity within and beyond America. The Cotton industry required slavery, an issue that began to drive wedge in the nation because Southern politics, mostly democrats, wanted to protect their economy and way of life while the North wanted abolition. The power of the Cotton Kingdom was one of the major factors of the Civil War. • Page – #267 - 270 http://afroculinaria.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/img_3425.jpg

49. #49 Romanticism • Date – mid 1700’s - 1860 • Significance – Romanticism was Americas way to differentiate ourselves from the rest of the world, especially Europe, by artistically displaying the nations unique characteristics whether by art or literature. Romanticism added to the expansion West because of the somewhat magical persona is was given by Romantic painters and authors, which attracted people to migrate and settle. Some of Americas best writers were around this time like Edgar Allen Poe and Mark Twain. • Page – #288 - 291 http://www.historyrocket.com/images/History-Of-American-Romanticism.jpg

50. 50. Transcendentalism 1830s-1850s • A philosophical movement began in Concord Mass. by Ralph Waldo Emerson. • Focused on a return to nature while trying to transcend the limits of the intellect and allow the emotions to create an original relation to the universe. • Among the first Americans to anticipate the 20th century environmental movement. • Key Writings: Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson (1836), Walden by Henry Davis Thoreau (1854), and Resistance to Civil Government by Henry Davis Thoreau (1849). • Read more on pages 291-293