협동 장서개발을 위한 도전과 과제

1. 2011 한국신학도서관협의회 하계 세미나 협동 장서개발을 위한 도전과 과제 서 은 경 한성대학교 지식정보학부

2. 2 Overview • Cooperation • “Cooperation is libraries takes much more than being good citizens and behaving altruistically.” (Peggy Johnson, 2009) • “Cooperation is as essential to a library as is water to a fish or air to a mammal.”(Michael Gorman, 1986) • Collaboration • “Where two or more people, or organisations, work together to realise shared goals” (Wikipedia, 2011). • Cooperation  Coordination  Collaboration

3. 3 Overview “Collaborative Collection Development is the sharing of responsibilities among two or more libraries for the process of acquiring materials, developing collections, and managing the growth and maintenance of collections in a user-beneficial and cost-beneficial way.” (Josheph J. Branin, 1983)

4. 4 Collaborative Collection Development(CCD) • Why important? • Constrained budgets • Limited space to house collections • Limited access to the world’s vast information • What benefits? • The potential for improving access • Stretch limited resources • Reducing unnecessary duplication • The improvement in the working relationships among cooperating libraries

5. 5 CCD • How operating? • Resource sharing • Bibliographic Access • Coordinative Collection Development & Management Physical Access Intellectual Access Coordination

6. 6 Three components of CCD • Physical Access • A system for making requests and providing delivery of information, through ILL process • Interlibrary loan • To handle returnables and nonreturnables • Encompass a protocol for making requests and acceptable method of delivery • How to delivery effectively and speedily • OCLC ILLiad Resource Sharing Management software • Infotrieve’s Ariel software • Through online directly + bypass the library

7. 7 Three Components of CCD • Intellectual Access • Knowing what is available from other sites through holdings information • Holdings information • Printed or microform catalogs • Bibliographic utilities • Networked online catalogs

8. 8 Three components of CCD • Coordinated Collection Development • A coordinated scheme of purchasing and maintaining collections in its ideal manifestation • To build complementary collection on which the cooperation libraries can draw • Mutual notification of purchasing decision • Assigned subject specialization in building collection • Joint purchase

9. 9 Types of CCD • Status Quo Approach • No intentional coordinated collecting activities • Presumes that libraries’ total collecting activities will build reasonable depth in every area of interest • Every title that anyone might want now and in the future will be held somewhere. • Serendipitous collection development and management

10. 10 Types of CCD • Synergistic Approach • Responsibility for collecting different publication, according to some coordinated and collaborative plan • Dividing the information universe into core and peripheral materials and dividing the periphery among the members • Coordinated collection development • Written agreements, contracts, commitments, responsibilities • Libraries always give priority to local needs and priorities • Some degree of altruism and a true sense of the common good • Use of a shared approval plan: the same approval plan vendor

11. 11 Types of CCD • The Research Triangle University Libraries in North Carolina • The earliest : began in 1934 • Duke Univ., NC State Univ., Univ. of NC, NC Central Univ. • Relatively successful(1973) • 76 % of titles were found on only one campus • Only 7% were held by all universities • Upper-level institutional support • long history of realizing its goals • Geographical proximity, bibliographic access to titles

12. 12 Types of CCD • Farmington Plan • To increase the nation’s total resources for research • Launched in 1948 under the sponsorship of the ARL • 60 academic, special, research libraries • To collect one copy of each new foreign publication for research • Designed blanket order profiles by foreign dealers • Less successful • Not concerned with the financial situation • Failed to recognize local priorities • Depend on a high degree of altruism

13. 13 Types of CCD • Cooperative Acquisition / Funding • Cooperation for shared purchased with agreed locations • A pool of shared monies • To acquire lesser-used items • To acquire expensive items • Items are placed either in • a central site • the library with the highest anticipated local use

14. 14 Types of CCD • CRL(Center for Research Libraries) • Established in 1949 as Midwest Inter-library Center • Now, 230 US and Canadian academic and research libraries • To acquire, store, preserve materials that would be too costly for a single institution • More than 4 million newspapers, journals, dissertations, archives, government publication, microform sets, other traditional and digital resources • Clear objectives and a long history of leveraging investments to provide collection that no one library can afford on its own • www.crl.edu

15. 15 Types of CCD • Shared Collection and Access Program • Long-term cooperative funding program among libraries of Univ. of California which was begun in 1976 • A central pool of funds to acquire resources and avoid duplication • Broaden and deepen UC library collection • Too enhance access • To develop comprehensive research collection • Offer economies no available through traditional models • Oregon digital Library Consortium • A shared digital audiobook collection: Library2Go

16. 16 Types of CCD • Coordinated Weeding and Retention • To reduce the costs of maintaining collection by distributing responsibilities and sharing costs • Retaining materials in certain areas • Retaining materials of certain types • Last-copy retention • Check first if the item is the last copy in consortium • A degree of redundancy is desirable to protect against catastrophic loss

17. 17 Types of CCD • Coordinated Preservation Initiatives • NEH (National Endowment for the Humanities) grants • Develop a national collection of preserved documents • Microfilming important agricultural publication • US Newspapers Program • The shared mass digitization projects • Google Books Library Project • Open Content Alliance

18. 18 Types of CCD • Shared Storage • Efforts to achieve space economies • CRL : Opened in 1951 with the provision of a storage depository • JASTOR (Journal Storage): Shared journal holdings • LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe): a voluntary distributed system to preserve electronic resources • CIC(Committee of Institutional Cooperation): shared digital repository • Colorado Digital Alliance • Shared storage vs. collaborative storage

19. 19 OhioLINK (www.ohiolink.edu)

20. 20 OhioLINK • Consortium • Ohio Library and Information Network • 88 libraries in Ohio • 16 public/research universities, 23 community/technical colleges, 49 private colleges and the State Library of Ohio. • History • 1987 – 1989: prepared planning and RFP for statewide electronic system • 1990: develop the unique software system and selected Digital Equipment Corporation for the computer hardware • 1992: six universities installed OhioLINK systems • 1996: offering services through the World Wide Web

21. 21 OhioLINK • Providing access to • OhioLINK Library Catalog • more than 48 million library items statewide, encompassing a spectrum of library material including law, medical and special collections • 12 million unique titles from its 89 member libraries, two public libraries and the Center for Research Libraries. • Research Databases • more than 150 electronic research databases, including a variety of full-text resources. • Electronic Book Center (EBC) • 62,000 e-books covers a wide variety of subjects • including encyclopedias, dictionaries and other reference works scholarly books; and computer and technology titles

22. 22 OhioLINK • Electronic Journal Center (EJC) • a collection of full-text research journals launched in 1998. • more than 9,000 scholarly journal titles from 101 publishers across More than 3.7 million articles are used each year from the EJC • Digital Resource Commons (DRC) • Provides a robust, statewide platform for finding and sharing the instructional, research, historic and creative materials • Digital Media Center (DMC) • 3,000 digital educational films, documentaries, foreign language videos • Thousands of electronic images, including art; sounds; historical documents, historic Ohio city maps; satellite images of Ohio • Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center (ETD) • Free online database of over 26,000 undergraduate honors theses, masters’ theses, and doctoral dissertations

23. 23 OhioLINK • Features • Access OhioLINK from home • remote access is available at www.ohiolink.edu. • A campus ID number is required. • Pick up OhioLINKMaterials • any participating member library • Users choose the location and time • How long? • OhioLINKitems are ready for pick up in 2-3 days. • Check on the status of your requested items

24. 24 CRL(www.crl.edu)

25. 25 CRL(Center for Research Libraries) • Consortium • to acquire and preserve • newspapers, journals, documents, archives, • other traditional and digital resources from a global network of sources. • Interlibrary loan and electronic delivery • To access to these rich source materials • To support major research projects, the production of scholarly monographs and studies, dissertations, and graduate and advanced undergraduate seminars. • Membership • librarians, specialists, and scholars at the member institution

26. 26 CRL • Collection specialists at major U.S. and Canadian research institutions such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, the Univ. of Chicago, the Univ. of California, McGill University, and the Univ. of Toronto • CRL is based in Chicago and governed by a Board of Directors drawn from the research and higher education communities. • Holdings • Five million resources • newspapers, journals, dissertations, archives, government publications, and other traditional and digital resources • Archives: Millions of pages of documents • Dissertations :800,000 doctoral dissertations • CRL continues to acquire about 5,000 titles per year from major universities through demand purchase and deposit.

27. 27 CRL • Government Documents • Foreign government documents: more than 100 countries • U. S. State Documents: more than a half million volumes of deposited and purchased monographic and serial publications of the U. S. state governments • Monographs:More than 500,000 monographs in all formats & subjects • Newspapers : More than 10,000 titles from most countries of the world • Serials:66,500 serials • Deposits • College and University Catalogs • Primary & Secondary Textbooks, Curriculum Guides • Railroad Publications, Foreign Central Bank Publications

28. 28 CRL • Services • Services for student and researchers • Borrow books, articles, and other materials from CRL’s collection • Get help finding what you need • Use the reading room • Request digitization of materials in CRL’s collection • Services for CRL Libraries • Request CRL to purchase a title (dissertation, newspaper, archives) • Join cooperative purchases of expensive resources • Join cooperative purchases of specialized e-resources • Buy one-time access to e-resources for faculty or student use

29. 29 CRL • Services for the CRL Community • Auditing and certifying digital archives • Developing and coordinating print archives • Developing specialized global collections • Area Microform Projects • Global Resources Network Projects • Archiving and Preservation • a variety of cooperative preservation activities • Digital Archives • Research Findings, includes Preserving News in the Digital Environment • Information about digital repositories such as HathiTrust, Portico, etc • Print Archives

30. 30 CIC (www.cic.net)

31. 31 CIC (Committee on Institutional Cooperation) • Consortium • For more than half a century, these world-class research institutions have advanced their academic missions • Established by the presidents of the Big Ten Conference members in 1958 including U of Chicago • Governed and funded by the Provosts of the member universities, CIC mandates are coordinated by a staff from UIUC headquarters • CIC Member Universities • Univ. of Chicago, Univ. of Illinois, Indiana Univ., Univ. of Iowa, Univ. of Michigan, Michigan State Univ. Univ. of Minnesota, Northwestern Univ. Ohio State Univ. Pennsylvania State Univ. Purdue Univ., Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison

32. 32 CIC • Collaborative Projects • Library Collaborations • optimizing student & faculty access to the combined resources • maximizing cost, time, and space savings • supporting a collaborative environment where library staff can work • Technology Collaborations • CIC universities have made it their priority to build IT capacity while reducing costs. • Purchasing and Licensing • By joining forces, member universities are able to negotiate better licensing terms • To date, CIC has saved more than $19 million on commodity purchases.

33. 33 CIC • Leadership Development • By leveraging resources and drawing upon the expertise within the member institutions, CIC is able to offer professional development opportunities that are highly relevant and effective. • Sharing Access to Courses • CIC institutions have a long tradition of sharing faculty expertise by making specialized courses available to students from member universities. • CourseShare • Study Abroad Collaborations • Providing high quality study abroad opportunities and increasing student access to those opportunities are top priorities for CIC universities.

34. 34 CIC • Purchasing and Licensing • Combining, leveraging and expanding resources of member universities is a central strategic focus of the CIC. • CIC Purchasing Consortium(CICPC) • Library ConsortialLicensing • Software Licensing Principles

35. 35 CARL (www.coalliance.org)

36. 36 CARL (Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries) • Consortium • Public libraries, colleges, and universities who believe that by working together every Alliance member will achieve greater results than by working independently • Mission • Facilitate, develop and improve library services to students, faculty, and the general public • Share, leverage, and expand library resources • Identify and resolve issues of information creation, collection, access, storage, and distribution • Reduce member library operating costs • Provide additional services as needed by member libraries and the communities they serve

37. 37 CARL • Alliance Digital Repository (ADR) • A preservation-oriented, consortial digital repository service • To facilitate collective knowledge-building of digital curation strategies • ADR Basic software platform • Provides a base of digital content discovery, access, storage, and long-term management functionality and leverages a combination of Open Source Software packages supported, in part, by a third-party vendor. • Gold Rush • An electronic serials management service • developed by the Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries • to help libraries manage subscriptions to electronic resources • To provide improved public access for their electronic journals and DBs

38. 38 CARL • Prospector • A unified catalog of forty academic, public and special libraries in Colorado and Wyoming. • access to over 30 million resources • books, journals, DVDs, CDs, videos and other materials • Members • Auraria Library, Univ. of Colorado Denver, Metropolitian State College, Community College of Denver Mesa State College, Tomlinson Library, Colorado College, Tutt Library, Regis Univ., Regis Libraries, Univ. of Colo. Denver Health Sciences, Health Sciences Library, Univ. of Colorado Boulder, Colorado School of Mines , Aurther Lakes Library, Univ. of Colorado Colorado Springs, Kraemer Family Library, Colorado State Univ., CSU Libraries, Univ. of Denver, Penrose Library, The Denver Public Library Univ. of N.Colorado, UNC Libraries, Univ. of Wyoming, UW Libraries

39. 39 Attributes of Successful CCD • Understanding of what they hold locally • To identify the features of local collection • What can be accessed • What can be preserved • To compare collections with their partners • Collection profiles or collection maps • Conspectus • 0: Out of Scope, 1: Minimal (Uneven, focused), • 2: Basic Information (Introductory, Advanced) • 3: Study or Instructional Support (Basic, Intermediate, Advanced) • 4: Research, 5: Comprehensive

40. 40 Attributes of Successful CCD • Finding an acceptable balance • Between local priorities and the priorities of the larger group seeking to cooperate • Managing these counterpoints effectively • Local needs vs. needs of unknown, remote users • Clear understanding • Their institutional mission • How to meet the community’s needs • The benefit gained through collaboration

41. 41 Attributes of Successful CCD • Having a high level of trust • Among the institutions or the collection librarians • For effective governance • Establishing goals • Governing structure (leaders & administrators) • Having sufficient authority to make decision • A reliable communication systems • To share policy decision changes quickly and widely • To fulfill their obligations

42. 42 Attributes of Successful CCD • Fostering a willingness • Enlightening self-interest of each institution • To make sacrifices • To believe benefits will accrue • Recognizing the value of increased collaboration • Fostering trust among all partners • Considering a routine part of all work in the library

43. 43 Evaluating CCD • Cost-benefit analysis • For what • Calculate and compare both present and future cost and present and future benefits • Measure the benefits per money spent • Compare of resource sharing & commercial document delivery • Compare of the owning and the subscribing • Concerning aspects • Library’s side including staffing costs with each task • Benefits (saving money, eliminating tasks etc.) • Equipment, its depreciation, infrastructure

44. 44 Evaluating CCD • Checking performance • Input data • Staff #, hours of works, # of item purchased, # of total items • Financial data • Library / group expenditures, unit costs • Use data • Use of electronic, print, documents delivered • User satisfaction data  finding outcomes are equally positive without significant gains or losses

45. 45 Evaluating CCD • Checking index • A strategic objectives • Access to more unique resources  title count of the shared universe of resources • Expansion of digital collections through leveraged investment  title count of e-resources or cost savings • Increased availability in local shelf space through coordinated storage  volumes withdrawn and local shelving space gained • Reduce user effort and time  improvement in user perception about effort and time • Increased user satisfaction  improvement in user satisfaction • Reduced library personnel costs  declining personnel costs

46. 46 Challenges to CCD • Desire for Local Autonomy • Ownership • A persistent measure success • Difficulties • Overcoming their parochialism • Thinking more broadly • Resistance to what is perceived as losing control • “CCD is at its most basic level a political, not a technical issue.” (Branin, 1991)

47. 47 Challenges to CCD • Professional Pride • To build the most complete collection • To pull against cooperation • Difficulties • To change the selection virtues of the past • To focus on the quality of the local collection • A sprit of independence • Attitudes of faculty members: losing prestige • Fostering confidence in the mutual benefits

48. 48 Challenges to CCD • Unequal distribution of commitment, effort, and money among partners • Money : a major barrier to successful cooperation • Financial commitments must be fair to all • Sliding scale of membership fees • Equitable distribution of local financial commitments • Within the library’s own organization • If internal organizational structure is not supportive, cooperation is nearly impossible • Technical service, reference service, preservation activities, ILL operation all must support

49. 49 Challenges to CCD • Lack of support • Strong leadership and constant support are important • The members of governing committees of CIC are the chief academic officers from 12 member universities • Strong institutional support • Extend to all aspects of university activity • Dissatisfaction with results of the cooperation • The absence of significant and observable accomplishments • Processing the quantification of the cost benefits • Comparing regularly the benefits of cooperation • Documenting the evidence of the benefits

50. 50 Challenges to CCD • Failures in Intellectual and Physical Access • Providing physical access to remote materials • Mechanisms for affordable, timely, efficient, and effective delivery of resources • The ability to identify and locate resources • Just-in-Time vs. Just-in-Case