Group Members: ANG RUEY ZHOU PUVANINTHIRAN A/L KESAVAN CHUA HOOI KANG FARHAN NAZMI BIN YUSOF

1. Group Members: ANG RUEY ZHOU PUVANINTHIRAN A/L KESAVAN CHUA HOOI KANG FARHAN NAZMI BIN YUSOF MOHD RIDZWAN BIN MOHD YUSAK DING TAI CHEAN

2. Abstract • This presentation contains the following contents • The definition of transformational leadership and transactional leadership. • The behaviors of transformational leadership and transaction leadership had also included in this presentation • Finally, several research methods that used to study on transformational leadership also had included in the last part of the presentation. The research methods included laboratory experiments, field experiments, survey research, Descriptive and comparative studies, and Intensive Case Studies.

3. Vs Burns (1978) Transformational Leadership

4. Burns also identified a third form of leadership influence based on legitimate authority and respect for rules and tradition.Bureaucratic organization emphasize this form of influence more than influence based on exchange or inspiration.

5. Bass (1985), transformational leader motivates followers by:1)making them more aware of the importance of task outcome2) inducing them to transcend their own self-interest for the sake of the organization or team3) activating their higher-order needsFollowers feel trust, admiration, loyalty and respect toward the leader, they are motivated to do more than expected. • Transactional leadership involves an exchange process that may results in follower compliance with leader requests but is not likely to generate enthusiasm and commitment.

6. Transformational Behaviors

7. Transactional Behaviors

8. New versions of theory also include laissez-faire leadership. - show passive indifference about the task and subordinates (e.g. ignoring problems, ignoring subordinate needs)- absence of effective leadership

9. Influence Processes Involves Internalization – e.g. Inspirational vision Increase Intrinsic Motivation Involves Personal Identification Transformational Behaviors – e.g. Inspirational Motivation & Individualized Consideration Intellectual Stimulation

10. Facilitating Conditions • Does not specify any condition irrelevant or ineffective. • Some aspects of transformational leadership are relevant but NOT goes to universal relevance. • Situational variables. • More important in dynamic & unstable environment. • Traits and values of followers

11. Primary Types of Research on the Theories

12. Survey Research • Used more often for research on transformational and charismatic leadership. • Developed several different questionnaires. • Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) - Used for research on transformational leadership. - Measure the leadership effectiveness based on seven factors related to transformational leadership.

13. Cont… Meta-analysis • Statistical technique by combining the findings from independent studies. • Lowe, Kroek, Sivasubramaniam (1996) conducted meta-analysis by combining 39 studies using MLQ. • To examine the general relationship of transformational and transactional leadership and to measure the leadership effectiveness. • Transformational leadership was significantly related to some measures of leadership effectiveness.

14. Laboratory Experiments • Kirkpatrick and Locke (1996) • Investigate the separate effects of three leadership behavior • Visioning • Communicating • Clarifying

16. Field Experiments • Barling, Weber and Kelloway(1996) • Conducted in a bank. • One group trained to use more intellectual stimulation and individualized cosideration. • The results : • High organizational commitment. • Personel loan sales by employees is more better.

17. Cont… • Dvir, Eden, Avolio and Shamir (1999) • Use transformational leadership in Israeli Defense Force (IDF). • Some of 54 participants were given special training. • The results : • The platoons performed better than others.

19. Descriptive and comparative studies • Descript for identify as either charismatic or non-charismatic leaders • Source of behavior descriptive to researchers: • Interview • Biographical, article, and case study • Critical incidents

20. Identify characteristic by interview • Bennis & Nanus, 1985 • Conger, 1989 • Fior, Harris, & House, 1999 • Howel & Higgins, 1990 • Jacopsen & House, 2001 • Kouzes & Posner, 1987 • Levinson & Rosenthal, 1984 • Peters & Austin, 1985 • Shamir, 1995

21. Indentify characteristic by biographics, article, and case study • Bligh, Kohles, & Meindl, 2004 • Deluga, 1998 • House, Spangler & Woycke, 1991 • Mio et al, 2005 • Mumford & Van Doorn, 2001 • O’connor et al, 1995 • Strangle & Mumford, 2002 • Van Fleet & Yulk, 1986a • Westley & Mintzberg, 1989 • Willner, 1984

22. Identify characteristic by critical incidents • Bryman, Stephens, & Campo, 1996 • Kirby, King, & Paradise, 1992 • Lapidot, Kark, & Shamir, 2007 • Yulk & Van Fleet, 1982

23. Example of descriptive and comparative studies • House, Spangler, and Woycke ( 1991) • Ask several historians charismatic or non-charismatic each of 31 former presidents and at least 2 years of their firm term. • The motive pattern of his first inaugural address. • Ways to measure effectiveness of leadership by • Rate of president by historian • Analysis of biographical information • Result show president with a socialized power are more charismatic. • Charismatic president use direct action to solve problem.

24. Example of descriptive and comparative studies • Bennis and Nanus (1985) • Study leaders of dynamic and innovative leaders. • Collect data using interview and observation. • Their no large-than-life. Most leaders were ordinary in appearance, personality, and general behavior. • Similarity of leader that researcher identify all leader has vision of desirable and possible vision. • Commitment their vision by decision and behavior.

25. Intensive Case Studies • Beyer & browing, 1999 • Cha & Edmindson, 2006 • Roberts, 1985 • Roberts & Bradley, 1988 • Trice & Beyer, 1986 • Weed, 1993

26. Methods of Collecting Data

28. Briefing of the Studies

29. Briefing contd.

31. Conclusion

32. Thank You