Grade Intersection 2011.4.14

1. Grade Intersection2011.4.14 Design of traffic engineering and safety facility 2011.5.26

2. Contents • Traffic sign • Road surface marking • Dividing and protection facility

3. Traffic signs • Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of roads to provide information to road users. With traffic volumes increasing over the last eight decades, many countries have adopted pictorial signs or otherwise simplified and standardized their signs to facilitate international travel where language differences would create barriers, and in general to help enhance traffic safety.

4. Categories • Traffic signs can be grouped into several types. For example, Annexe 1 of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals (1968), which at 30 June 2004 had 52 signatory countries, defines eight categories of signs: A. Danger warning signs B. Priority signs C. Prohibitory or restrictive signs D. Mandatory signs E. Special regulation signs F. Information, facilities, or service signs G. Direction, position, or indication signs H. Additional panels

5. The earliest road signs were milestones, giving distance or direction; for example, the Romans erected stone columns throughout their empire giving the distance to Rome. The first modern road signs erected on a wide scale were designed for riders of bicycles in the late 1870s and early 1880s. History

6. History • One of the first modern-day road sign systems was devised by the Italian Touring Club in 1895. • By 1900, a Congress of the International League of Touring Organizations in Paris was considering proposals for standardization of road signage. • In 1903 the British government introduced four 'national' signs based on shape, but the basic patterns of most traffic signs were set at the 1908 in Rome. • The intensive work on international road signs that took place between 1926 and 1949 eventually led to the development of the European road sign system. • The UK adopted a version of the European road signs in 1964 and, over past decades, North American signage began using some symbols and graphics mixed in with English.

7. History • New generations of traffic signs based on electronic displays can also change their text (or, in some countries, symbols) to provide for "intelligent control" linked to automated traffic sensors or remote manual input. • In over 20 countries, real-time Traffic Message Channel incident warnings are conveyed directly to vehicle navigation systems using inaudible signals carried via FM radio, 3G cellular data and satellite broadcasts. • Finally, cars can pay tolls and trucks pass safety screening checks using video number plate scanning, or RFID transponders in windshields linked to antennae over the road, in support on-board signalling, toll collection and travel time monitoring.

8. Road surface marking • Road surface marking is any kind of device or material that is used on a road surface in order to convey official information. They can also be applied in other facilities used by vehicles to mark parking spaces or designate areas for other uses. • Road surface markings are used on paved roadways to provide guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians. Uniformity of the markings is an important factor in minimizing confusion and uncertainty about their meaning, and efforts exist to standardise such markings across borders. However, countries and areas categorize and specify road surface markings in different ways.

9. History • In the United States, two states claim to be the first to have developed center lines. • According to the state of Michigan, painted white center lines were developed by Edward N. Hines, the chairman of the Wayne County, Michigan, Board of Roads in 1911. • The first highway centerline was painted along M-15 (later a section of US Highway 41 or M-28) in 1917, by Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer. According to the state of California, Dr. June McCarroll was the first to develop center lines, in 1917. • In 2002, a portion of Interstate 10 was designated and signed as "The Doctor June McCarroll Memorial Freeway" in her honor. • White center lines were used in the United States until the 1971 edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, which mandated yellow as the standard color of center lines nationwide (after several decades of debate on the issue and some states already offering the double and single solid yellow center line). • Yellow was adopted because it was already the standard color of warning signs, and because it was easy to teach drivers to associate yellow lines with dividing opposing traffic and white lines with dividing traffic in the same direction.

10. Mechanical markers Mechanical devices may be raised or recessed into the road surface, and either reflective or non-reflective. Most are permanent; some are movable. Cat's eye (road) Botts' dots Rumble strips Reflective markers Categories

11. Categories • Non-mechanical markers Paint Paint, sometimes with additives such as reflective glass beads, is generally used to mark travel lanes. It is also used to mark spaces in parking lots or special purpose spaces for handicap parking, loading zones, or time restricted parking areas. Colors for these applications vary by locality. Paint is a low-cost marking and has been in widespread use since approximately the early 1950s. Thermoplastic Thermoplastic coatings are generally homogeneous dry mixes of binder resins, plasticizers, glass beads (or other optics), pigments, and fillers. Plastic Plastics were introduced in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Commonly referred to as tape or cold plastic, this product is heavy-grade material with reflective beads embedded in the plastic. It is commonly used to mark crosswalks, stop bars, and traffic guidances such as turn lanes, HOV lanes, train crossings, pedestrian crossings, , bus lanes, and bike lanes. Epoxy: Epoxy has been in use since the late 1970s and has gained popularity over the 1990s as the technology has become more affordable and reliable. This material competes directly with plastic with respect to usage and cost.

12. Dividing and protection facility • Traffic barriers keep vehicles within their roadway and prevent vehicles from colliding with dangerous obstacles. Traffic barriers installed at the road side also prevent errant vehicles from traversing steep slopes. Traffic barriers installed at the medians of divided highways are also referred to as median barriers. The latter also prevent errant vehicles from entering the opposing carriageway of traffic and help to prevent head-on collisions. 42 inches (110 cm)-high version of the Jersey barrier for deflecting automobiles and semi-trailer trucks Components of a standard guardrail: S – guardrail, D – distance piece/spacer, P – sigma post

13. Anti-dazzle panel Reflective road stud Other facilities

14. 道路交通事故 道路交通死亡人数已经连续十余年居世界第一 2009年，中国汽车保有量约占世界汽车保有量的百分之三， 但交通事故死亡人数却占世界的百分之十六。

15. 道路交通安全标志 • 警告标志 • 禁令标志 • 指示标志 • 指路标志 • 旅游区标志 • 道路施工安全标志 • 辅助标志

16. 道路交通安全标志 • 交通警告标志：警告标志是交通标志中主要标志的一种, 用以警告驾驶员注意前方路段存在危险和必须采取的措施。（49种）

17. 道路交通安全标志 • 禁令标志：禁止或限制车辆、行人交通通行的标志（42种）

18. 道路交通安全标志 • 指示标志：指示车辆、行人进行的标志（29）

19. 道路交通安全标志 • 指路标志：传递道路方向、距离 • 一般指路标志（62）： • 高速公路指路标志

20. 道路交通安全标志 • 旅游区标志（17）

21. 道路交通安全标志 道路施工安全标志 （26）

22. 道路交通安全标志 • 辅助标志

23. 道路标线 • 禁止标线 • 指示标线 • 警告标线

24. 道路标线 • 禁止标线

25. 道路标线

26. 道路标线 • 指示标线

27. 道路标线 • 指示标线

28. 道路标线 • 警告标线

29. 隔离和防护设施 • 城市道路-安全防护设施主要内容包括 中央分隔带防撞护栏、防眩板、波形梁护栏、中央分隔带开口处活动护栏、跨线桥防护网、隔离栅、交通护栏、轮廓标等。 波形梁钢护栏因其柔性好，车辆与其相撞时，对车辆起导向作用，不至于发生严重碰撞后果，使用效果优于水泥混凝土护栏。

30. 隔离和防护设施 • 钢筋混凝土中央防撞护栏结构设计图

31. 等级与设计要求 • 交通工程与安全设施等级及适用范围 • 交通工程与安全设施包括交通安全设施和管理设施两部分，各项设施应统筹规划、总体设计，并结合城镇路网的建设情况等逐步补充、完善。

32. 交通安全设施设计要求

33. 交通安全设施设计要求

34. 交通安全设施设计要求

35. 管理设施设计要求