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LEPTOSPIROSIS IN MALAYSIA

LEPTOSPIROSIS IN MALAYSIA. by Agnes Ling & Estella Chua. The Various Names. Swineherd's disease, swamp fever, or mud fever, Weil's disease, Weil's syndrome, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever, 7-day fever, Rat Catcher's Yellows, Fort Bragg fever, and Pretibial fever

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LEPTOSPIROSIS IN MALAYSIA

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  1. LEPTOSPIROSISIN MALAYSIA by Agnes Ling & Estella Chua

  2. The Various Names • Swineherd's disease, swamp fever, or mud fever, Weil's disease, Weil's syndrome, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever, 7-day fever, Rat Catcher's Yellows, Fort Bragg fever, and Pretibial fever • In Malaysia: Penyakit Kencing Tikus (Rat Urine Disease)

  3. Introduction • Most common zoonotic disease worldwide • Most prevalent in trophics, subtrophics • Caused by pathogenic spiral bacteria that belong to the genus: Leptospira, family:Leptospiraceae order: Spirochaetales • the organism enters the body when mucous membranes or abraded skin come in contact with contaminated environmental sources.

  4. Leptospires Images above generated in 3DS Max and are based on direct measurements and sectional profiles of Leptospira Interrogans.

  5. Etiology • In 1883,first recognized as an occupational disease of sewer workers • In 1886, Weil described the clinical manifestations in 4 men who had severe jaundice, fever, and hemorrhage with renal involvement. • in 1916, Inada et al identified the causal agent in Japan

  6. Epidemiology • The most important reservoirs are rodents( rats) also dogs, livestock, wild animals, and cats.  • Urinary shedding of organisms from infected animals • A person can only be affected by direct exposure to the bacteria physically entering the bloodstream. • Likelihood in freshwater, damp alkaline soil, vegetation, and mud with temperatures higher than 22°C. • It is NOT contagious that is, it will not be passed from human to human.

  7. Risk factors • Partial or total immersion in mud and water plays a role in facilitating infection in sewer workers and rice field workers. • Milkers may be splattered in the face, causing subsequent infection via the conjunctivae. • Infection of military troops occurs as a result of direct exposure to infected urine or indirect contact with contaminated soil and water.

  8. Cases

  9. Cases of Leptospirosis in Malaysia Source: Report of Morbidity and Mortility for Health of Ministry Hospitals 2004-2009

  10. Development of disease • Pathogen enters –multiplies in blood and tissue (usually lasts about 7 days)– affect liver and kidney. • (Anicteric leptospirosis) Systemic with aseptic meningitis • (Icteric leptospirosis) Overwhelming disease (Weil’s disease) • Vascular collapse • Thrombocytopenia • Hemorrhage • Hepatic and renal dysfunction

  11. Clinical Progression

  12. Treatment • Antimicrobial therapy(severe) • Dialysis(renal failure);renal function is restored in most. • Those with Weil syndrome may need transfusions of whole blood, platelets, or both. • Supportive therapy and careful management of renal, hepatic, hematologic, and CNS complications

  13. Sources http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100823/ap_on_he_me/as_malaysia_bacterial_disease http://www.leptospirosis.org/ http://www.medicinenet.com/leptospirosis/article.htm http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100823/ap_on_he_me/as_malaysia_bacterial_disease http://www.theborneopost.com/?s=leptospirosis http://www.mylongkang.com/2010/08/25/leptospirosis/#more-13305 http://www.malaysia-chronicle.com/2010/07/blog-post_4507.html http://www.outwardbound.my/?cat=5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirosis http://ocw.tufts.edu/Content/2/coursehome/191643/191652 http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20100822-233270.html http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100823/ap_on_he_me/as_malaysia_bacterial_disease http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220563-overview

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