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CHAPTER 30

CHAPTER 30. Nuclear Physics (Binding Energy, Nuclear Reaction). NUCLIDIC CHART. NUCLIDIC CHART AND DECAY. Shorter half-life, faster decay. The stable nuclei are in the middle. BINDING ENERGY. BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON. High binding energy per nucleon means more stable nucleus.

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CHAPTER 30

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  1. CHAPTER 30 Nuclear Physics (Binding Energy, Nuclear Reaction)

  2. NUCLIDIC CHART

  3. NUCLIDIC CHART AND DECAY Shorter half-life, faster decay. The stable nuclei are in the middle.

  4. BINDING ENERGY

  5. BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON High binding energy per nucleon means more stable nucleus. Nuclei of low binding energy per nucleon decay.

  6. EXAMPLE

  7. NUCLEAR SHELL MODEL Some elements are much more abundant. Magic numbers: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126, … Nuclei are extra stable if Z or N is a magic number. This indicates a shell structure

  8. FISSION AND FUSION Fission: A big nucleus splits into smaller nuclei. Fusion: Small nuclei combine into a big nucleus.

  9. FISSION

  10. FUSION

  11. NUCLEAR FISSION

  12. NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION Nuclear bomb!

  13. RELEASING ENERGY FROM THE NUCLEUS

  14. EXAMPLE

  15. CALCULATE THE ENERGY RELEASED

  16. NUCLEAR REACTOR (FISSION)

  17. COMBINING SMALL NUCLEI

  18. EXAMPLE

  19. THERMONUCLEAR FUSION

  20. ENERGY FROM FUSION D = 2H, T = 3H

  21. FUSION IN THE SUN

  22. The proton-proton cycle is a series of three nuclear reactions believed to operate in the Sun The net result is the joining of four protons to form a helium-4 nucleus Energy liberated is primarily in the form of EM radiation (gamma rays), positrons and neutrinos PROTON-PROTON CYCLE

  23. NUCLEAR FUSION • Nuclear fusion occurs when two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus • This is difficult since the nuclei must overcome the Coulomb repulsion before they are close enough to fuse • One way to do this is to cause them to move with high kinetic energy by raising them to a high temperature • Also need a high density

  24. CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION Magnetic Confinement: Use magnetic field to hold the fuel and induced current to heat the fuel. Inertial Confinement: Laser to confine the fuel pellet and heat up the nuclei.

  25. FUSION For sustained fusion to occur, the following plasma conditions need to be maintained (simultaneously). * Plasma temperature: (T) 100-200 million Kelvin * Energy Confinement Time: (t) 4-6 seconds

  26. MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT

  27. MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT

  28. MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT Use magnetic field to hold the fuel and induced current to heat the fuel.

  29. MOVIE

  30. HOW CLOSE ARE WE?

  31. ITER Year 2016 $7 -10 billion

  32. INERTIAL CONFINEMENT Laser to confine the fuel pellet and heat up the nuclei.

  33. THE LASER Size of three football fields

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