Unit 4

1. Unit 4 Reconstruction: The Nation Reunited

2. Reconstruction Era (1865-1876)

3. In this unit, students will learn how the United States reunited after the Civil War. Students will understand how beliefs and idealsof the North and South influenced changes to laws and the Constitution. The students examine the work of the Freedman’s Bureau to understand how individuals, groups, and institutionscan affect society. Finally, by thinking about conflict and changeand production, distribution, and consumption, students will learn the effects of the Civil War on the daily life and the economy of the North and South. Unit Focus

4. Essential Questions How do beliefs and Ideals influence the decisions people make? How did the destruction of the Civil War determine the economics of Reconstruction? How does conflict cause change? What were the intentional and unintentional Consequences of what people said and did as a part of Reconstruction?

5. SS5H1 e The student will explain the causes, major events, and consequences of the Civil War. SS5H2 a-b-c The student will analyze the effects of Reconstruction on American life Learning Standards

6. SS5CG1 c-d The student will explain how a citizen’s rights are protected under the U. S. Constitution. SS5CG2 a-b The student will explain the process by which amendments to the U. S Constitution are made. SS5CG3 b The student will explain how amendments to the U. S Constitution have maintained a representative democracy. Learning Standards

7. SS5E2 a The student will describe the functions of four major sectors in the U. S. economy. SS5E3 a-b The student will describe how consumers and businesses interact in the united States across time. Learning Standards

8. Enduring Understandings How do beliefs and Ideals influence the decisions people make? How did the destruction of the Civil War determine the production, distribution and consumptions of goods and services during Reconstruction? How does conflict cause change? What were the intentional and unintentional Consequences of what people said and did as a part of Reconstruction?

9. The Civil War had major effects on the North and the South. Thousands of young men from both regions died or were wounded during the war. Many returned home missing legs, arms, or bearing other scars from the fighting. Both sides experienced great human suffering. EFFECTS OF THE WAR

10. Economically: The two regions were affected differently. The North prospered. Its manufacturing and industries grew. More people were employed as the Union worked to support its war effort. The southern economy, on the other hand, suffered. The South had depended on cash crops. The end of slavery meant that it no longer had its main source of labor. Since most of the fighting took place in the South, many of the region’s farms and railroads had been destroyed. At the end of the war, the North had grown stronger. The South faced an uncertain future.

11. NORTH Prospered economically Manufacturing and industries grew New technologies Boost in steel production Transportation improved More employed SOUTH Cities, farms, and homes burned Railroads and bridges destroyed Businesses and industries destroyed 300,000 men dead Suffered economically No main source of labor EFFECTS OF THE WAR

12. RECONSTRUCTION TIMELINE

13. 1865 March 3The Freedmen's Bureau established.Provides assistance to emancipated African Americans. April 8   Lee surrenders.Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. Joseph E. Johnston's surrender in North Carolina on April 18 effectively ends the Civil War. April 15 President Abraham Lincoln assassinated.Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president. December 6 13th Amendment ratified.Abolishes slavery in the United States. Black Codes enacted.Southern states enact laws restricting rights of African Americans

14. 1866 April 9 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Confers citizenship on African Americans and guarantees equal rights. May 1-3 Memphis Race RiotWhite civilians and police kill 46 African Americans and destroy 90 houses, schools, and four churches in Memphis, Tennessee. July 30   New Orleans Race RiotPolice kill more than 40 black and white Republicans and wound more than 150. Ku Klux Klan A secret organization to intimidate African Americans and restore white rule is founded in Pulaski, Tennessee.

15. 1867 Reconstruction ActsCongress divides the former Confederacy into five military districts and requires elections in which African American men can vote.

16. 1868 March-May President Johnson's Impeachment TrialBy one vote, the U.S. Senate fails to remove the president from office. July 21   Fourteenth Amendment ratified. Guarantees due process and equal protection under the law to African Americans. November 3 Ulysses S. Grant elected President.The former Union general becomes the 18th president.

17. 1869 First Redeemer GovernmentTennessee is the first state to replace a bi-racial Republican state government with an all-white Democratic government, followed by Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia in 1870.

18. 1870 February 23 First black senator elected.Hiram Revels of Mississippi elected to U. S. Senate as the first black senator. March 30 Fifteenth Amendment ratified.Extends the vote to all male citizens regardless of racer or previous condition of servitude.

19. 1871 Forty-second Congress.Five black members in the House of Representatives: Benjamin S. Turner of Alabama Josiah T. Walls of Florida Robert Brown Elliot, Joseph H. Rainey and Robert Carlos DeLarge of South Carolina

20. 1872 Freedmen's Bureau abolished. First African American governor.P. B. S. Pinchback, acting governor of Louisiana from December 9, 1872 to January 13, 1873. Pinchback, a black politician, was the first black to serve as a state governor, although due to white resistance, his tenure is extremely short.

21. 1874 Democrats control the Forty-third CongressFor the first time since before the Civil War, Democrats control both houses of Congress. Robert Smalls, black hero of the Civil War, elected to Congress as representative of South Carolina. Blanche K. Bruce elected to U. S. Senate.

22. 1875 March 1  Civil Rights Act of 1875 Guarantees equal rights to African Americans in public accommodations and jury service. Ruled unconstitutional in 1883.

23. 1867 Disputed Presidential electionRepublicans challenged the validity of the voting in Souh Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana.   Wade Hampton inaugurated as governor of South Carolina.The election of Hampton, a leader in the Confederacy, confirms fears that the South is not committed to Reconstruction.

24. 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated President. Electoral Commission awards disputed electoral votes to the Republican candidate. Reconstruction ends. President Rutherford Hayes withdraws federal troops from the South protecting the Civil Rights of African Americans.

25. Wartime Reconstruction

26. President Lincoln’s Plan • 10% Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) • Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. • He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. • Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. • When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

27. President Lincoln’s Plan • 1864  “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR • “loyal assemblies” • They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

28. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). • Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. • Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH) CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)

29. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • “Iron-Clad” Oath. • “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator Charles Sumner] • “Conquered Provinces” Position[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens] PocketVeto PresidentLincoln Wade-DavisBill

30. Jeff Davis Under Arrest

31. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

32. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. • Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. • Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

33. The Freedmen's BureauThe Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land; often referred to as the Freedmen's Bureau, was established in the War Department by an act of March 3, 1865. The Bureau supervised all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen, including issuing rations, clothing and medicine. The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the former Confederate States, border states, District of Columbia, and Indian Territory. The bureau records were created or maintained by bureau headquarters, the assistant commissioners and the state superintendents of education and included personnel records and a variety of standard reports concerning bureau programs and conditions in the states.

35. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

36. Freedmen’s Bureau School

37. Abraham Lincoln had thought about the process of restoring the Union from the earliest days of the war. His guiding principles were to accomplish the task as rapidly as possible and ignore calls for punishing the South. In late 1863, Lincoln announced a formal plan for reconstruction: A general amnesty would be granted to all who would take an oath of loyalty to the United States and pledge to obey all federal laws pertaining to slavery High Confederate officials and military leaders were to be temporarily excluded from the process When one tenth of the number of voters who had participated in the 1860 election had taken the oath within a particular state, then that state could launch a new government and elect representatives to Congress. The states of Louisiana, Arkansas and Tennessee rapidly acted to comply with these terms. However, the Lincoln plan was not acceptable to Congress

38. Presidential Reconstruction

39. President Andrew Johnson • Jacksonian Democrat. • Anti-Aristocrat. • White Supremacist. • Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

40. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) • Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) • In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. • Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. EFFECTS? 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

41. Growing Northern Alarm! • Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. • Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

42. Slavery is Dead?

43. A federal law in the United States declaring that everyone born in the U.S. and not subject to any foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. As citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. Persons who denied these rights to former slaves were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both. The Civil Rights Act of 1866

44. The activities of organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan undermined the workings of this act and it failed to guarantee the civil rights of African Americans. This statute does not cover visitors, diplomats, and Native Americans in the United States on reservations. It was aimed at the Freedmen (freed slaves) and was a major policy during Reconstruction. It was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, then passed over his veto by Radical Republicans in Congress

45. Black Codes • Purpose: • Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. • Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations. • Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers[tenant farmers].

46. Congress Breaks with the President • Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates. • Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. • February, 1866  Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill. • March, 1866  Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!

47. Johnson the Martyr / Samson If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the Union and the preservation of this government in its original purity and character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union. (February 1866)

48. The looming showdown between Lincoln and the Congress over competing reconstruction plans never occurred. The president was assassinated on April 14, 1865. His successor, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, lacked his predecessor’s skills in handling people; those skills would be badly missed. Johnson’s plan envisioned the following: Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath No pardons would be available to high Confederate officials and persons owning property valued in excess of $20,000 A state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being readmitted. Most of the seceded states began compliance with the president’s program. Congress was not in session, so there was no immediate objection from that quarter. However, Congress reconvened in December and refused to seat the Southern representatives. Reconstruction had produced another deadlock between the president and Congress.

49. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

50. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. • Insure against neo-Confederate political power. • Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. • Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!