1 / 40

CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment

CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment. http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards. http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/books/whales. http://www.fineartradiography.com/images/nautilus-pos.jpg. How to avoid sinking. Increase buoyancy Gas containers

conner
Download Presentation

CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/books/whales

  2. http://www.fineartradiography.com/images/nautilus-pos.jpg How to avoid sinking • Increase buoyancy • Gas containers • Rigid container such as shells (internal or external) or… • Swim bladder Fig. 14.2 http://www.geocities.com/darthdusan/nautilusNYCaquarium.jpg

  3. http://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/~natsirt/aph162/webpages/dylanandco/lab1/imagehttp://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/~natsirt/aph162/webpages/dylanandco/lab1/image http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/people/klf/MicroGalleryLarge_files/Forams1.jpg How to avoid sinking • Float – less dense than SW or neutral • Microscopic zooplankton have shells or tests • Radiolarians • Foraminifers • Copepods • Macroscopic zooplankton may have oil droplets • Krill (resemble mini-shrimp or large copepods) Foraminifers Fish egg with oil droplet Krill http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/research/arcdiv/watercolumn/euphausiid/images

  4. Figure 14.6

  5. How to avoid sinking • Floating macroscopic zooplankton • Cnidarians • Hydrozoan (Portuguese man-of-war) gas-filled float • Scyphozoan (jellyfish) soft low-density bodies http://www.aboututila.com/Photos/AdamLaverty/

  6. http://i184.photobucket.com/albums/x245/Aquaman1956/fish_swimming.gifhttp://i184.photobucket.com/albums/x245/Aquaman1956/fish_swimming.gif How to avoid sinking • Active swimming • Fish – swim by curving body from front to back http://www.jupitergreetings.com/files/anims/thumbnails/266_sm.gif Fig. 14.9 http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/sixcms/media.php/591

  7. http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2001/dec21_clague/squid_swimming-400.jpghttp://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2001/dec21_clague/squid_swimming-400.jpg How to avoid sinking Unknown deep sea squid • Active swimming – Squid • Swim by trapping water and expelling it • Also swim by using fins http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues96/may96 http://www.fishingnj.org/jpegs

  8. How to avoid sinking • Active swimming • sea turtles use flippers • marine mammals use up/down tail movements Sperm whale http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/ http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/canlilar/img

  9. Fin designs in fish • Vertical fins as stabilizers – dosral and anal fins • Paired pelvic fins and pectoral fins for “steering” and balance • Tail fin (caudal) for thrust http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish_fins.gif

  10. Fin designs in fish • Rounded caudal finsflexible, maneuver at slow speeds • Truncate finsand forked fins, useful for both maneuvering and thrust • Lunate finsrigid, lots of thrust for fast swimmers • Heterocercal finsasymmetrical, lift for buoyancy (shark)

  11. Fin designs in fish Fig. 14-10a

  12. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170960108002.png Adaptations for finding prey • Mobility • Lungers wait for prey and pounce (grouper) • Mainly white muscle tissue • Cruisers actively seek prey (tuna) • Mostly red muscle tissue

  13. Adaptations for finding prey • Swimming speed • Speed generally proportional to size • Can move very fast for short time (mainly to avoid predation) http://images.inmagine.com/img/imagezoo/iz125/iz125022.jpg http://chemistry.csudh.edu/faculty/jim/cozmay06best/barracuda.jpg

  14. Adaptations to finding prey • Most fish cold-blooded but some are warm-blooded • Homeothermic-body temperature above sea water temperature • Modifications in circulatory system • Mainly in fast-swimming fish http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/10/051031133653.jpg

  15. Adaptations of deep-water nekton • Mainly fish that consume detritus or each other • Lack of abundant food • Bioluminescence • Fishing lures • Large, sensitive eyes Anglerfish w/ males Lanternfish http://www.antoranz.net/CURIOSA/ZBIOR2/C0301 http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/myctophid1.jpg

  16. Adaptations of deep-water nekton • Large sharp teeth • Expandable bodies • Hinged jaws Gulper eel http://www.floranimal.ru/pages/animal/b

  17. Adaptations of deep-water nekton Fig. 14-13

  18. Figure 14.12

  19. Adaptations to avoid predation • Schooling • “Safety in numbers” • School may appear as single larger unit • Schooling maneuvers confuse predator http://www.oceanbrite.com/gallery/d/811-2/Fish_School.jpg

  20. Some taxonomy…… • Fish • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Chondrichtyes – cartilaginous fish • Sharks, rays • Class Osteichthyes – bony fish

  21. Marine Mammals • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Carnivora • Sea otters • Polar Bears • Pinnipeds – Family Odobenidae (walrus), Family Otariidae (Sea lions), Family Phocidae (seals) • Order Sirenia • Manatees and dugongs • Order Cetacea • Whales

  22. Whales • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Cetacea • Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales – dolphins, orcas, sperm whales) • Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales – blue whale, gray whale)

  23. http://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpghttp://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpg Marine mammals • Land-dwelling ancestors • Warm-blooded • Breathe air • Hair/fur • Bear live young • Mammary glands for milk http://images.aad.gov.au/img.py/8bb.jpg

  24. http://www.sierraclub.org/compass/uploaded_images/otter-700966.jpghttp://www.sierraclub.org/compass/uploaded_images/otter-700966.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Prominent canine teeth • Sea otters • Polar bears http://www.birdsasart.com/Sea-Otter-w-pup-_T9J9119-Cordova,-AK.jpg http://www.gaszappers.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/3-lazy-polar-bears.jpg

  25. http://images.livescience.com/images/071008-walrus-04.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Pinnepeds • Walruses • Eat crustaceans with tusks • Seals http://www.cambriarealty.com/images/seal_pic1.jpg

  26. http://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpghttp://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Pinnepeds • Sea lions • Fur seals http://neilshedden.com/africa/images/animals/seals3.jpg

  27. http://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpghttp://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpg Marine mammals • Sirenia • Herbivores • Manatees • Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean • Dugongs • Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/Photos/Dugong%20CL25_1b.jpg

  28. http://www.solcomhouse.com/images/wszhale.gif Marine mammals • Cetacea • Stream-lined bodies for fast swimming • Specialized skin (dermal ridges) structure for fast swimming • Whales • Toothed - carnivores • Baleen – filter feeders http://faculty.mccfl.edu/rizkf/OCE1001/Images/whales2.jpg

  29. http://www.alaska-passages-yacht-charters.com/breach_1.gif Cetacea Fig. 14.18

  30. http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpghttp://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpg Marine mammals • Dolphins vs. porpoises • Dolphins (Delphinidae) • 35 species • Beaks • melon (fatty organ in forehead) • Prominent, curved dorsal fin • conical, undifferentiated teeth • Range in size from 1.5 m Hector's dolphin to 9 m killer whales • Porpoises (Phocoenidae) • 6 species • Lack prominent beak • laterally compressed teeth • More triangular dorsal fin Bottlenose dolphin Harbor porpoise http://www-heb.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/community/ education/images/harbourporpoise/teeth2_small.gif http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94551&rendTypeId=4

  31. http://www.keanani.com/dolphin_Animation.gif http://www.freewebs.com/cetaceanrc/SpermWhale1.jpg Cetacea • Adaptations for deep diving • Use oxygen efficiently • Able to absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled • Able to store large quantities of oxygen – high levels of myoglobin and hemoglobin • Able to reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs • Slowed cardiac rate • Muscles insensitive to buildup of CO2 • Collapsible lungs http://www.uwrf.edu/biology/electives_dir/444_dir/VSmith/Page1.html#skin

  32. Adaptations for deep diving Sperm whales can dive up to 1 hour, 52 min. and to 3 km deep http://www.uwrf.edu/biology/electives_dir/444_dir/VSmith/Page1.html#skin

  33. http://hearingresearch.net/pix/FultonCaldwell.gif Cetacea • Suborder Odontoceti(toothed) • Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale • Echolocation to determine distance and direction to objects • Clicks produced in nasal air sacs are focused by the melon • Echos received thru lower jaw  middle ear • Determine shape, size of objects http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/520Cetartiodactyla/520.100.html

  34. http://www.nodium.com/wp-content/img/article/503.jpg Intelligence in toothed whales • Large brains relative to body size • Communicate with each other • Brains convoluted • Trainable • Are they intelligent? http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/images/jerison1.gif

  35. Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Fig. 14.23 Right whale baleen • Baleen whales • Blue whale, finback whale, humpback whale, gray whale, right whale • Fibrous plates of baleensieve prey items • Vocalized sounds for various purposes Right whale feeding http://www.coastalstudies.org/what-we-do/right-whales/fieldnotes.htm

  36. http://www.howardhall.com/stories/Gray%20Whale1H.jpg Gray whale migration • 22,000 km (13,700 mi) annual migration from coastal Arctic Ocean to Baja California and Mexico • Feeding grounds in Arctic (summer) • Breeding and birthing grounds in tropical eastern Pacific (winter) Fig. 14-25

  37. Whales as endangered species • Fewer whales now than before whaling • International Whaling Treaty • Hunting of gray whale banned in 1938 • Gray removed from endangered list in 1993 as populationrebounded Fig. 14.26 http://typingisnotactivism.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/japan-whaling-2008.jpg

  38. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/ Marine reptiles Green • Sea turtles • Prey depends on species Greenseat seagrass(gut flora digests cellulose) Loggerheadseat conch Leatherbackseat jellyfish • Nest on beaches: predation, lights on dunes • Many overexploited Loggerhead Leatherback http://swfsc.nmfs.noaa.gov/PRD/PROGRAMS/turtles http://www.fws.gov/endangered/i

  39. Marine iguanas of Galapagos Islands • Feed on submerged algae • Dive for up to 20 minutes • Must surface before they become too cold and can’t climb out of water http://www.surtrek.com/en/images/Program_pics/photogallery/gps http://www.exzooberance.com/virtual%20zoo/they%20walk/iguana

  40. Sea snakes of Pacific • Highly poisonous • Truly aquatic - reproduce in water - live-bearers http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/sotr/1998/photos http://www.oceanbrite.com/albums/Fiji/

More Related