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Unit 1 Notes: The Atom

Unit 1 Notes: The Atom. Honors Chemistry. Atomic Timeline.

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Unit 1 Notes: The Atom

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  1. Unit 1 Notes: The Atom Honors Chemistry

  2. Atomic Timeline http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=nnSswWer_bWpqM&tbnid=6_F6asBgf4IveM:&ved=0CAcQjB0wAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F2197377%2FHistory-of-the-Atom-Timeline&ei=Lj0eUrToIdbBsATc-YCoBQ&psig=AFQjCNGiHQcb3bnDY0VcwwwaBXbg6JrjvQ&ust=1377799854621767

  3. Element symbols: Always a capital letter or capital letter followed by lowercase • Vertical columns are called groups or families. • Horizontal rows are called periods. • Metals are on the left of the staircase line; nonmetals are on the right side. • ******EXCEPT: Hydrogen • Metals: good conductors of heat & electricity; malleable; ductile; lustrous; most are strong; lose e- when bonding • Nonmetals: poor conductors; many are gases; some are brittle solids; gain e- when bonding • Metalloids: on the staircase (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At); semiconductors Element organization on the Periodic Table:

  4. Atomic Symbols: • p+: proton • n°: neutron • e-:electron • A: mass # • Z: atomic # The Atom

  5. Atoms are the smallest piece of matter that can be used to identify a substance. • Each element has a unique number of protons in each atom. • Identifying atoms using your periodic table: http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=tLbh1gpsmVnHVM&tbnid=kOfClErZUPVJXM:&ved=0CAcQjB0wAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fykonline.yksd.com%2Fdistanceedcourses%2FCourses%2FPhysicalScience%2FLessons%2FSecondQuarter%2FChapter04%2F04-02.html&ei=fEofUvnyC_ipsASr74DICw&psig=AFQjCNE_gCUdC8WrVOBETQ3npmzwVSV-4A&ust=1377868796389213 The Atom • http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YIwAgmlLK4wjyM&tbnid=ddJ3bhUwLYg7BM:&ved=0CAcQjB0wAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem4kids.com%2Ffiles%2Felements%2F006_shells.html&ei=DkofUubKEPPRsASP9YDIBw&psig=AFQjCNGHroYAWr6RABYcBz_HQZetsLkuIA&ust=1377868686334966

  6. Atoms of the same element do NOT always have the same number of neutrons in the nucleus. • The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. • When atoms are identical EXCEPT for the number of neutrons, they are called isotopes of the same element. • The atomic mass printed on the periodic table is the average mass of the different isotopes. Its units are atomic mass units (amu). The Atom

  7. http://www.google.com/imgres?sa=X&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&tbnid=sO9osPgr_kvfPM:&imgrefurl=http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Atomic_Theory/Atomic_Mass&docid=g6zq01l9iti72M&imgurl=http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/%2540api/deki/files/4829/%253DIsotope_Notation.png&w=500&h=300&ei=u00fUq7ALoWusQSD74DwAQ&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:7,s:0,i:102&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=174&tbnw=281&start=0&ndsp=15&tx=164&ty=68http://www.google.com/imgres?sa=X&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&tbnid=sO9osPgr_kvfPM:&imgrefurl=http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Atomic_Theory/Atomic_Mass&docid=g6zq01l9iti72M&imgurl=http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/%2540api/deki/files/4829/%253DIsotope_Notation.png&w=500&h=300&ei=u00fUq7ALoWusQSD74DwAQ&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:7,s:0,i:102&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=174&tbnw=281&start=0&ndsp=15&tx=164&ty=68 Nuclear Symbol https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m2c3.com%2Fchemistry%2FVLI%2FM1_Topic2%2FM1_Topic2_print.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=rtIsimbpgv5nTM&tbnh=76&tbnw=279&zoom=1&docid=jZ-a1trpejG2kM&ei=PE4fUoKcOYbO9QS5xYGQAw&ved=0CAIQsCU Hyphen notation Oxygen-17 O-17 Ways to write isotopes:

  8. 1. Neon-20 has a mass of 19.992 amu and Neon-22 has a mass of 21.991 amu. In an average sample of Neon atoms, 90% will be Neon-20 and only 10% will be Neon-22. Calculate the average atomic mass of Neon. • 2. 76% of Chlorine atoms are Cl-35 which has a mass of 34.969 amu. 24% of Chlorine are Cl-37 which has a mass of 36.966 amu. What is the average atomic mass of chlorine? Calculating average atomic mass:(Mass x % abundance) + (mass x % abundance) + (mass x % abundance) + etc.

  9. Henri Becquerel wrapped uranium salt with photographic film and placed in the sun…white spot left on film; However, it worked again without being exposed to sun light. The uranium must be releasing energy. • Marie Curie continued Becquerel’s work. She discovered other elements that also release this energy…called it “radioactivity”. • Also discovered radium and polonium. Nuclear Radiation:

  10. Properties of Radioactive Elements: • 1. Alters photographic film • 2. Makes some compounds fluoresce (glow) • 3. Produces electric charge • 4. Damages living cells Nuclear Radiation:

  11. 3 Main Types of Decay: • 1. Alpha (α): releases a 4/2 He nucleus; look like helium,can burn skin but can be blocked by a sheet of paper • 2. Beta (β): releases an electron; neutron inside the nucleus breaks apart and releases an electron (leaving a proton behind); 100x stronger than alpha blocked by metal • 3. Gamma (γ): releases energy waves; very high energy electromagnetic waves; most dangerous; can be blocked by thick concrete or thick lead Radioactive Decay:

  12. http://www.google.com/imgres?sa=G&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&tbnid=FNPpLfPrpWmqfM:&imgrefurl=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Nuclear-Wastes/Waste-Management-Overview/&docid=McDjZUXr0lJEHM&imgurl=http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedImages/org/info/Nuclear_Fuel_Cycle/Nuclear_Wastes/wast3.gif&w=379&h=168&ei=i5UgUoD0HYnKsATcvoH4Dw&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:32,s:0,i:185&iact=rc&page=2&tbnh=114&tbnw=258&start=15&ndsp=21&tx=101&ty=50http://www.google.com/imgres?sa=G&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&tbnid=FNPpLfPrpWmqfM:&imgrefurl=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Nuclear-Wastes/Waste-Management-Overview/&docid=McDjZUXr0lJEHM&imgurl=http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedImages/org/info/Nuclear_Fuel_Cycle/Nuclear_Wastes/wast3.gif&w=379&h=168&ei=i5UgUoD0HYnKsATcvoH4Dw&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:32,s:0,i:185&iact=rc&page=2&tbnh=114&tbnw=258&start=15&ndsp=21&tx=101&ty=50 Radioactive Decay

  13. 8. • 9. • 10. • 11. Nuclear Reaction Problems:

  14. Transmutation: when one element turns into another • Two ways it can occur: • 1. Radioactive decay (natural) • 2. particles bombard a nucleus (laboratory) • Allows chemists to produce elements that don’t naturally occur (all elements > #92 are synthetic, and some isotopes of other elements) • Mass Defect: • The difference between adding up the particle masses and the total mass of the actual atom • If you add the masses of helium’s particles, one atom should weigh 4.033 amu, but it only weighs 4.022 amu. What happened to the missing mass? • This was explained by Albert Einstein Radioactive Decay

  15. The time required for half of the atoms to decay in a radioactive sample. • Can be used to date the remains of plants and animals. • After each half life, half of the atoms have decayed into smaller elements. http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=TZdfsIhgEzaIcM&tbnid=XjzltumkvjvtFM:&ved=0CAcQjB0wAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finfo%2FSafety-and-Security%2FRadiation-and-Health%2FRadiation-and-Life%2F&ei=Un4oUva8GJPG9gSD3oHQCQ&psig=AFQjCNGiOz8gGf_ZKXA_X-9z4h7USIQ0hw&ust=1378471890460194 Half Life: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=yo-ILpWiCwzdDM&tbnid=Mc4M6TxMF1UXPM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joeruff.com%2Fartruff%2Fphysics%2FStudent_Pages%2FThe_Atom%2FNuclear%2520Decay.htm&ei=J38oUsiGGo6a9QS2noGIBA&bvm=bv.51773540,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHZ6bjL4VkxdpXGireArLdWlCrQLQ&ust=1378472014893667

  16. 12.If Polonium-32 has a half life of 14.3 days and you start with 4.0 mg, how many mg will you have after 57.2 days? • 13.The half life of radon-222 is 3 days. If you wait 15 days and find 50 grams of radon-222, how much was in the starting sample? Half-Life Problems

  17. Splitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments • When nucleus splits it releases energy (nuclear power) • High nuclear waste • Atomic bomb (U, Pu) • When nucleus splits, it releases neutrons that crash into other atoms causing them to split… “chain reaction” Nuclear Fission http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=LzugVAmPNfCyEM&tbnid=H04mChcEyAvnSM:&ved=0CAcQjB0wAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F3471%2Fabomb.html&ei=Q0EeUvydAuK0sAT4loGoBw&psig=AFQjCNHVttvous4jVsp_aSvuyO5vuDee2w&ust=1377800899097039

  18. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=l8vXaJS4H6PKuM&tbnid=EtdykNacTW_6tM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FFusion%2FFusion1.shtml&ei=_UEeUqusL5O88wSi9oHQDg&psig=AFQjCNGTP20KLqwni4--LmgDQrntLKA7iw&ust=1377801024997787https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=l8vXaJS4H6PKuM&tbnid=EtdykNacTW_6tM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FFusion%2FFusion1.shtml&ei=_UEeUqusL5O88wSi9oHQDg&psig=AFQjCNGTP20KLqwni4--LmgDQrntLKA7iw&ust=1377801024997787 • Combining nuclei to produce larger atoms • Produces more energy than fission • Requires very hot temps • Occurs on the sun and stars • Low waste • H bomb (H fusing He) Nuclear Fusion

  19. Different elements release waves of energy with different wavelengths when their electrons are excited • Electromagnetic waves (also called radiation) can travel through empty space and travel through some matter • All of these waves travel with a velocity of 3x108 m/s through empty space • Wavelength v. Frequency: inversely proportional (when one goes up, the other goes down) • Frequency v. Energy: directly proportional (when goes up, the other goes up) Light and Electrons

  20. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dNeokQHrafq1VM&tbnid=yYWwmoFv0tUrpM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbl.gov%2FMicroWorlds%2FALSTool%2FEMSpec%2FEMSpec2.html&ei=UgYtUsGfOZO-9gSJ8IGwDg&bvm=bv.51773540,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHgMK4-dRqZh5-tyf7JVuwau3WrxQ&ust=1378768379142251https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dNeokQHrafq1VM&tbnid=yYWwmoFv0tUrpM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbl.gov%2FMicroWorlds%2FALSTool%2FEMSpec%2FEMSpec2.html&ei=UgYtUsGfOZO-9gSJ8IGwDg&bvm=bv.51773540,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHgMK4-dRqZh5-tyf7JVuwau3WrxQ&ust=1378768379142251 Light and Electrons

  21. 1. What type of wave has a wavelength of 5 X 103m? • 2. If a light wave has a wavelength of 5.3 x 10-7m, what color is it? • 3. An electromagnetic wave travelling through space has a frequency of 7.5 X 1020hz. What is its wavelength? What kind of wave is it? • 4. Which waves carry more energy, red light waves or violet light waves? Explain! Electromagnetic spectrum

  22. Some evidence suggests that light travels in clumps of particles called photons instead of continuous waves. • The German scientist Max Planck studied photons and said that atoms of different elements have different amounts of energy that can be lost or gained. • He called this minimum amount of energy the Quantum energy. Photons

  23. Einstein believed that light has properties of BOTH waves and particles • He called this Wave Particle Duality • This means that photons of light travel in “packets” called quanta and move up and down like a wave as they travel from one location to another • Electrons act as waves as well as particles • Energy acts as particles as well as waves Wave Particle Duality

  24. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=RjckGpXhNy_B4M&tbnid=8zEMWSte6Ag9PM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fastrophysics.pro%2Fexperiments%2Fphotoelectric-effect%2F&ei=1gstUpbAHIaA9gTRgoCoBA&bvm=bv.51773540,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNG7HanVbQg8lkRhoYih1zJ92UKIzg&ust=1378770196315156https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=RjckGpXhNy_B4M&tbnid=8zEMWSte6Ag9PM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fastrophysics.pro%2Fexperiments%2Fphotoelectric-effect%2F&ei=1gstUpbAHIaA9gTRgoCoBA&bvm=bv.51773540,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNG7HanVbQg8lkRhoYih1zJ92UKIzg&ust=1378770196315156 • Electrons are released from matter when it is hit by electromagnetic waves Photoelectric Effect

  25. As atoms absorb energy, electrons move into higher energy levels • When the electrons return to lower energy levels, the release energy in the form of visible light • No two elements release the exact same spectrum of light waves • Elements can be identified by the colors of light they release when electrons jump back to the lower energy levels Atomic Spectra

  26. Neils Bohr explained that electrons circle the nucleus in specific orbits. • The lowest possible energy level of an electron is called its ground state(This is the normal location of the electron.) • If an electron absorbs energy, it moves up an energy level absorption • If an electron gives off energy, it moves down an energy level (emission). Atomic Spectra

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