Describing Research Activities Phenomenology Case Studies Field Studies Archival Study

1. Describing Research Activities Phenomenology Case Studies Field Studies Archival Study Qualitative Research

2. Nonexperimental approaches do not create levels of an independent variable nor randomly assign subjects to these levels. They are used where experiments are not ethical or possible, or where we want to test hypotheses in realistic conditions. What are nonexperimental approaches? Describing Research Activities

3. Internal validity is the degree to which a researcher can establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables. What is internal validity? Describing Research Activities

4. An experiment has high internal validity when we can demonstrate that only the antecedent conditions are responsible for group differences in behavior. An internally valid experiment allows us to draw cause-and-effect conclusions. What is internal validity? Describing Research Activities

5. Laboratory experiments are often higher in internal validity because of their control of extraneous variables. Researchers create levels of the IV and use procedures like matching and random assignment to conditions. Why do experiments often achieve higher internal validity than nonexperimental studies? Describing Research Activities

6. External validity is the degree to which research findings can be generalized to other settings and individuals. What is external validity? Describing Research Activities

7. Nonexperimental studies are more frequently conducted in real-world settings with a more diverse sample of participants than experiments. Why might nonexperimental studies achieve higher external validity than laboratory experiments? Describing Research Activities

8. The degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions concerns assignment of subjects to antecedent conditions created for the experiment. What is the degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions? Describing Research Activities

9. The degree of imposition of units is how much you limit a subject’s responses on the DV. What is the degree of imposition of units? Describing Research Activities

10. Phenomenology involves a subject's description of personal subjective experience. Phenomenology is low in manipulation of antecedent conditions and low in imposition of units (low-low). Explain phenomenology. Phenomenology

11. In case studies, a researcher compiles a descriptive study of a subject's experiences, observable behaviors, and archival records kept by an outside observer.Case studies range from low-low to low-high. What are case studies? Case Studies

12. Case studies have several advantages: • source of inferences, hypotheses, and theories • source of therapy techniques • allow study of rare phenomena What are the strengths of the case study approach? Case Studies

13. provide exceptions to accepted ideas, theories, and practices • persuasive and motivational value (advertising) What are the strengths of the case study approach? Case Studies

14. Case studies have several limitations: • representativeness of sample • completeness of data • reliance on retrospective data What are the limitations of the case study approach? Case Studies

15. In a deviant case analysis, researchers examine differences between deviant and normal individuals to identify etiological factors. This approach may also be applied to nonclinical issues such as social trends and adult morale. How do deviant case analyses extend evaluative case studies? Case Studies

16. Retrospective data are recollections of past events that are collected in the present. While your childhood memories constitute retrospective data, your undergraduate portfolio does not since it was collected in the past. What are retrospective data? Case Studies

17. This information may be compromised by faulty memory, current mood, and the retrieval cues that are present when you are asked to recall an event. What are the risks of using retrospective data? Case Studies

18. Field studies are nonexperimental studies conducted in the field (real-life settings). The experimenter does not manipulate antecedent conditions.Field studies range from low-low to low-high. What are field studies? Field Studies

19. Naturalistic observation examines subjects’ spontaneous behavior in their actual environments and may obtain more representative behavior than experiments. This method can achieve high levels of external validity. What is naturalistic observation? Field Studies

20. In reactivity, subjects alter their behavior when they know that they are being observed. For example, your baby sister stops saying “Gramma” when you place the phone near her mouth. Explain the problem of reactivity. Field Studies

21. A participant-observer study involves field observation in which the researcher is part of the studied group. This approach contrasts with naturalistic observation, where the researcher does not interact with research subjects to avoid reactivity. What is a participant-observer study? Field Studies

22. The main problems are invasion of privacy, not telling people that you are studying their behavior, and pretending to be a group member.Pretending to be a group member (e.g., a researcher pretending to be a weight lifter) is a serious problem that requires careful planning. Which ethical problems complicate participant-observer studies? Field Studies

23. Field experiments are experiments conducted in real-life settings. Field studies are nonexperimental designs used in real-life settings and include naturalistic observation, unobtrusive measures, participant-observer studies, and surveys. How do field experiments differ from field studies? Field Studies

24. An archival study is a descriptive method where researchers reexamine data that were collected for other purposes.For example, universities collect a wealth of data through surveys like the Graduating Senior Questionnaire (GSQ) and interviews. What is an archival study? Archival Study

25. Qualitative research obtains data consisting of words instead of numbers. This information is obtained through self-reports, personal narratives, and expression of ideas, memories, feelings, and thoughts. What defines qualitative research? Qualitative Research

26. The increased use of qualitative research may represent a paradigm shift—a change in attitudes, values, beliefs, methods, and procedures accepted during a specific time period. Why is the rise of qualitative research important? Qualitative Research

27. Qualitative research is invaluable in studying contextual phenomena, behavior that can only be understood within its context.For example, we might examine the meaning of religious faith for patients facing impending surgery. How is qualitative research helpful? Qualitative Research

28. Empirical phenomenology might rely on an experimenter’s private experiences or other experiential data: 1. the researcher’s self-reflection on relevant experiences Which information sources does empirical phenomenology use? Qualitative Research

29. 2. participants’ oral or written descriptions of their experiences 3. accounts from literature, poetry, visual art, television, theatre, and previous phenomenological (and other) research Which information sources does empirical phenomenology use? Qualitative Research