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UNIT 8

UNIT 8. Vocabulary Alternative energy sources, i.e. renewable energies Grammar and functions Hypothesizing: Conditional clauses Expressing opinion Integrated practice.

connor-jefferson
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UNIT 8

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  1. UNIT 8 Vocabulary • Alternative energy sources, i.e. renewable energies Grammar and functions • Hypothesizing: Conditional clauses • Expressing opinion • Integrated practice

  2. VIDEO: 5 GREEN ENERGIEShttp://www.ehow.com/video_4952000_five-forms-green-energy.html?cp=1&pid=1&wa%5Fvrid=1f0b9827%2Ded80%2D4723%2Dac8d%2D265bc84b95b6&wa%5Fvlsrc=continuous • Have all of them the same age? They have not all been around for the same length of time. • What is the age of Geothermal energy? It has been there since the earth began • Where is it? under ground, it's in the hot rocks below ground. • What can be the depth of these rocks? as much as a kilometer down. • How can we fracture these rocks? by exploding dynamite • What can we do then? pump water down and pump the water back up, and when it comes back up it's hot. • Which kind of energy is the most important one today? biomass, • What is it? plants. • Where do plants get their energy from? the sun using the chlorophyll, the green substance in the leaves. • What does biomass do? It absorbs energy from the sun, • How can we reuse that energy? by turning it into biodiesel • It can be used to replace what? the fuel produced from oil and therefore conserve oil.

  3. 5 GREEN ENERGIES • Where does Hydro energy come from? It is energy from the sun. • What happens to the water in rivers? the water evaporates due to the sun’s energy, it then precipitates into rain and falls into the rivers, • How can we produce electricity? we build dams, put it in turbines and we end up with electric power. • Where is there always wind?. near the coast due to the changing temperature of the sea and the land • What can those winds be used for? drive wind turbines. • What are the components? large propellers on a tall tower and at the top of the tower are turbines, and turbines produce electricity. • What is solar energy based on? silicon technology. • How does it work? When we shine light onto a piece of silicon chip it produces a small electric current, if you put enough of them together you get a lot of energy. • What is the problem? This is quite an expensive form of reusable energy . • What is its main use? in devices which have to be carried around, like on your calculator you only need a small amount of energy.

  4. ENERGY CRISIS Paragraph I • Which do you think those present trends are? • Why will there be a “major crisis”? • What will be the consequences of present trends? • Since means .......... • Find two words in this paragraph that are synonyms. • Find a Conditional Clause

  5. ENERGY CRISIS • At present (6), almost all our energy comes FROM fossil fuels (7), i.e. (THAT IS)(8), oil, COAL and natural gas. • The Earth's reserves of fossil fuels have BEEN formed BY/FROM organic matter subjected TO enormous heat and pressure FOR millions of years (9). • But such reserves are finite (10). Because power demand is increasing very rapidly (11), fossil fuels will BE exhausted(12) within a relatively short time. • We can estimate the amount of recoverable fuel under the surface of the Earth (13), and we know the rate at WHICH it is BEING extracted (14). • Fairly (15) simple calculations can therefore determine ITS remaining life (16). • If present trends continue, gas and oil reserves will BE exhausted by the middle of the 21st CENTURY. • Similar estimates (17) about coal reserves suggest a projected supply (18) of 200-250 years. Of course, long before THESE/FOSSIL fuels are exhausted, demand will greatly exceed supply (19)

  6. NOUNS/ADJ from VB NOUNS • PRODUCE- Production-producer • PRESS- Pressure • ESTIMATE- estimate • SUPPLY- Supply • CONSUME- Consumer-consumption ADJECTIVES • RECOVER – Recoverable • PROJECT – Projected • SUFFICE- Sufficient • REMAIN- Remaining

  7. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE TYPE 0/I (laws / possibility ) Present Present (laws) = Type 0 Future (possibility) Modal (may, can, should…) TYPEII (probability) Simple Past Conditional (VB-ED) WERE (WOULD/COULD/MIGHT +INF) TYPEIII(impossibility) Past Perfect Perfect Conditional (HAD+PP) (WOULD HAVE + PP)

  8. CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS • UNLESS + PRESENT = IF + Vb in negative • PROVIDED (THAT) = IF and only IF • IN CASE (THAT) = In the event (that) • AS LONG AS = on the condition (that) • AS FAR AS = on the condition (that) • OTHERWISE= IF NOT • WHEN can also have a conditional meaning (used in conditional TYPE I)

  9. EXER: CONDITIONAL • If we HAD NOT WASTEDthe fossil fuels, they WOULD HAVE LASTED longer • We COULD DEVELOP other alternative sources if we SPENT more money on research • If a cold object IS PUT in contact…, the latter DECREASES • Unless actions ARE TAKEN now…, CO2 emissions …. • If nuclear power WERE NOT so dangerous, everybody WOULD AGREE to install nuclear power plants. • If we HAD DEVELOPED other alternative sources, fossil fuels WOULD NOT HAVE RUN OUT so rapidly (III). • If a reactor only LASTS 25 years, in a few years we WILL HAVE hundreds of them stored all over the world. (I) • Electricity WOULDN’T HAVE BECOME a major source … if the relationship between electricity & magnetism HADN’T BEEN DISCOVERED • If we DID NOT EMPLOY fossil fuels in the production of electricity, these materials COULD BE USED to manufacture other valuable things (II) • Lots of radioactivity WOULD REMAIN … if there WERE a nuclear accident (II) • If two magnets ARE BROUGHT together, like charges (WILL) REPEL each other. (I) • The ice caps WOULD MELT DOWN if the temperature of the Earth ROSE 0.5C

  10. CONDITIONAL: JOIN • UNLESS we have safe containers, we cannot dispose of the toxic waste. • IF/ WHEN you release the button, the recording time will be set. • IF more people used public transport, it would be possible to park your car in the city center. • If you had studied harder you would have passed your exam. • IF the temperature rises/rose above 1,000ºC, the boiler will/would explode.

  11. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY- List Conditionals • What can we do? DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF POWER • And we will never succeed UNLESS WE TRY • INSTEAD OF BURNING FOSSIL FUELS we should be concentrating on what? MORE ECONOMIC USES OF ELECTRICITY • Why? BECAUSE ELECTRICITY CAN BE PRODUCED FROM ANY SOURCE OF ENERGY • How would our resources last longer? I WE DIDN’T WASTE SO MUCH ENERGY • How can you save more energy? BY CONSERVATION THAN YOU CAN PRODUCE for the same money • UNLESS WE DO RESEARCH ON SOLAR ENERGY, WIND POWER, WAVE POWER, TIDAL POWER, HYDROELECTRIC schemes, our FOSSIL FUELS WILL RUN OUT • What are other countries doing? SPENDING MUCH MORE THAN US ON RESEARCH • Don’t forget that ENERGY FROM THE SUN, THE WAVES, THE WIND LASTS FOREVER • We won’ survive UNLESS WE START WORKING ON CLEANER, SAFER SOURCES OF ENERGY

  12. TRANSLATION • …on coal, oil and natural gas to obtain their energy. • Fossil fuels are non renewable, i.e., • By contrast/contrarily to this/on the contrary/unlikely, renewable energy sources -such as/like wind or solar energy-. • Most renewable energy comes …. from the sun. • … can be directly used for heating and lighting homes …, for generating electricity, and …., solar cooling and….. • …whose energy can be captured by means of/with wind turbines. • ….cause water to evaporate. • …. turns into/is converted into/becomes rain and …. • ……its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power.

  13. TRANSLATION • Sunlight also causes/(makes) plants to/(ø) grow. • The organic matter that forms/composes/makes up those plants is known as biomass. • …. fuels for transportation and chemical products. • Hydrogen can also be found in many …, as well as in water. • It is the most abundant element on the Earth. • But it does not occur naturally as a gas. • … with other elements, such as/like oxygen, to make water. • …, hydrogen can be burnt as a fuel or converted into electricity. • Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. • …, and the heating and cooling of buildings. • In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. • In addition to/besides tidal energy, … , which are driven by the tides and the winds. • …. more than the ocean depths/bottom, creating a difference in temperature that can be used as an energy source.

  14. LISTENING • power derived from the sun • they will eventually be exhausted • a huge parabolic mirror (that focuses the sun’s heat onto a small area). • more than 7,232ºF (4,000ºC) • - to raise steam and generate electricity.. - or for scientific research 6. 1,300 moving mirrors (covering an area of 5 acres – 2 hectares) 7. 2½ million kilowatt-hours of electricity (annually)

  15. LISTENING • Solar energy is used increasingly FOR DOMESTIC HEATING. • Heat is collected BY EXPOSING A LARGE DARKENED METAL PLATE, • covered with one or more LAYERS OF GLASS, to the sun. • WATER OR AIR IS PASSED THROUGH TUBES attached to the plate • and either circulated through the building OR STORED. • Hot water is stored in INSULATED TANKS. • Hot air…, which hold the heat UNTIL IT IS REQUIRED to warm up air for circulation around the house. • Sunlight CAN ALSO BE CONVERTED DIRECTLY INTO ELECTRICITY in a solar CELL, • and there is research…. to produce CHEMICAL ENERGYby the same sort of reaction AS PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS

  16. GRAMMAR REVISION: Solar E • Today over 90% of our energy comes FROM fossil FUELS, i.e., COAL, OIL and natural gas. • THEY are also important raw materials FOR our CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES • People think we should limit their use AS fuels, otherwise the world´s supplies will soon run OUT • Much research is BEING done on the practical use of the sun FOR heating buildings. • Solar energy is transmitted from the sun, THROUGH space, to the earth ASelectromagnetic radiation. • It must BE converted INTO heat before IT can be used. • Various types of solar energy collectors or absorbers are used to convert the sun´s radiation INTO heat. • In a building where a solar system has BEEN installed IT provides water as well AS space heating. • This solar system, based ON water-heating, works LIKE this. • Each of the collectors, placed ON the roof, consists OF a fibreglass tray WHICH holds a number of copper tubes under a special glass cover. • The tubes are fixed TO a blackened surface WHICH absorbs energy from the sun. • The sun´s rays passing THROUGH the glass, heat the water IN the tubes.

  17. SOLAR ENERGY: reorder • 4- The purpose of any solar system is to collect solar radiation and convert it into useful thermal energy • 6- It consists of a number of absorbers or collectors • 3- These are made of plates of fiber with copper tubes inside • 9- The tubes are connected to a metal surface • 2- This surface is black in order to absorb more energy • 10- The system works as follows: the sun rays pass through the glass • 8- They heat water flowing through the copper tubes • 5- When the water is heated it produces steam • 1- and the steam is used to move a turbine, which turns a generator • 7- This device then transforms heat into electricity

  18. EXPRESSING OPINION • In my opinion… • Personally, I think that… • I'd suggest that… • I (strongly)believe that… • I'm convinced that... • As far as I'm concerned… • I'd like to point out that… • What I mean is… • I'm pretty sure that • I agree with the fact that • However… / On the contrary… • Yes, but don't you think… • I'm afraid I have to disagree. • Don't you think it would be better... • I don't agree with ….. • That's not entirely true because …. • I don't think that... • The problem with that point of view is that...

  19. 20% RENEWABLE ENERGY (0:30) • What kind of energy did our grandparents’ watermills and windmills produce? MECHANICAL ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES • And the modern versions? ELECTRICITY • What do Windmills do? TRANSFORM WIND INTO ELECTRICITY • What does Hydraulic energy produce? ELECTRICITY • The process is the same in SMALL HYDRAULIC PLANTS and BIG DAMS • The ENERGY POTENTIAL of a head of water is converted ELECTRIC ENERGY • What does Geothermal energy use? HEAT FROM THE DEPTHS OF THE EARTH • What for? TO PRODUCE HEAT AND ELECTRICITY • Solar energy can produce HEAT AND ELECTRICITY • Solar heat panels installed ON A ROOF can cover most HOT WATER NEEDS for sanitary purposes and can serve as backup for DOMESTIC HEATING • What area of solar panels were installed in Europe in 2006? 20 MILLION M2 • What do solar mirror plants convert? SOLAR ENERGY INTO ELECTRICITY • How? USING PANELS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

  20. 20% RENEWABLE ENERGY (biomass) • What is biomass? PRODUCED FROM VEGETAL, ANIMAL OR URBAN WASTE • Which is the most widespread application of biomass? COMBUSTION OF WOOD FOR DOMESTIC HEATING • And in industry or towns? GENERATE HEAT OR ELECTRICITY • How is biogas produced? BY FERMENTATION OF WASTE (e.g. liquid manure used in farms or OTHER ORGANIC WASTE • It is used to produce what? HEAT OR ELECTRICITY • And purified biogas? CAN BE USED AS GASEOUS BIOFUEL • What else does biomass make possible? LIQUID BIOFUELS, BIODIESEL & BIOETHANOL

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