HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

1. HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 2-BASIC CHEMISTRY

2. Concepts of Matter & Energy • Matter=”stuff” of the universe existing as ____________________states on earth/solid has definite volume and shape;liquid only definite volume and gas-has neither • Physical change-does not alter basic nature whereas chemical alters _________________________. • ENERGYonly measured by effects on matter-_______________ • ______energy of motion and potential is __________. kinetic Solid liquid and gas composition Ability to do work Stored energy

3. Energy forms: • ______________-stored in chemical bonds-involved in cellular respiration • _____________-comes from movement of charged particles-used in nerve impulses • __________-Directly involved in moving matter-eg.movement of limbs • _______-travels in waves;electromagnetic spectrum-x-rays,infrared,visiblelight,radio,UV,gamma Chemical energy electrical Mechanical energy radiant

4. Energy is usually converted from one form to another-some of initial energy is lost to environment-This is how we maintain body temperature

5. II. Composition of Matter • 112_____________(#s 113-118 alleged)92 occur in nature- elements arealike in atoms and unique atomic #/represented on periodic table , organized by atomic # and short hand representation is _________________-Look at Chart p.30 • Atoms made of positive protons and neutral ____________in nucleus/both heavier w/ mass of 1 AMU,,surrounded by _______electrons(mass =minute fraction of an amu ),in energy levels symbol neutrons elements (-)

6. Table 2.1 Common Elements Making Up the Human Body

7. Table 2.1 Common Elements Making Up the Human Body

8. Table 2.1 Common Elements Making Up the Human Body (3 of 3)

9. Atomic # = # protons • Atomic mass #= # p+n • Atomic mass –average of all isotope masses for an element

10. p’s and e-‘s are = to make a neutral atom/losing electrons creates a + charge and gaining e’s creates a (-) charge/+ and- attract ,while likes repel • _____________-e’s are arranged in energy levels w/in an electron cloud Orbital model

11. Figure 2.1 The structure of an atom. Nucleus Nucleus Helium atom Helium atom 2 protons (p+) 2 neutrons (n0) 2 electrons (e–) 2 protons (p+) 2 neutrons (n0) 2 electrons (e–) (a) Planetary model (b) Orbital model KEY: = Proton = Electron = Neutron = Electron cloud

12. ______________________________are atoms that differ in number of neutrons,are identified my mass number,and one medical use is as tracers in medical diagnosis.---see.pp 10-11 • _____________________=spontaneous atomic decay(alpha,beta, and the more intense gamma) • __________________________________occur whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms • _____________________-2 or more combined chemically;more specifically a compound radioisotopes Chemical reactions radiation molecule

13. Table 2.3 Atomic Structures of the Most Abundant Elements in the Body

14. 2 bond we see in living things are __________________,w/a transfer of electrons and ___________________________w/a sharing of electrons-this transfer or sharing is occurring with the electron shells(ie. Energy levels) • Outer -_____________________electrons determine bonding capacity and thus properties--These electrons have more energy ,away from the + nucleus • _______-charged atom ionic valence covalent ion

15. Polar molecules have unequal sharing of electrons ,as seen in water • Water bonds to other water atoms by H- bonds-a weak bond/polar molecules orient themselves towards other polar molecules • These combined H-bonds create a high surface tension

16. Figure 2.9b Hydrogen bonding between polar water molecules.

17. 3 reaction types • synthesis ----2H2 + O2 2H2O • __________------H2O 2H2 +O2 • Exchange---2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 +H2 ORHCl + NaOH HOH +NaCl • Most chemical reactions are reversible,indicated by a double arrow • A+BAB •  decomposition

20. III.Biochemistry:Chemical Composition of Living Matter • __________________ contain carbon ,but not all are involved in living things(inorganic lack C-----CO,CO2 and cyanide 3 exemptions-they are inorganic Organic compounds

21. INORGANICS--_WATER-most abundant compound in the body • high heat capacity(ie . before a temperature change absorbs and releases a lot of heat change thus preventing us from sudden body temperature changes. • ___________________________-“universal solvents” • Solute dissolves in a _________________ to make a solution-Thus water able to transport many materials • 3. chemical reactivity • __________________________reaction---water added to the bond. • 4.____________________________-protective as in CSF or amniotic fluid solvent hydrolysis Polarity/solvent properties cushioning

23. + Figure 2.11 Dissociation of salt in water. H – O H + Water molecule Na+ Na+ Cl– Cl– Ions in solution Salt crystal

24. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- SALTS • Salt contains cation besides H+ and an anion besides OH-…examples:NaCl,KCl,CaI2 • Easily separate into ions_______________________ • Because ions are charged particles,all salts are _______________________-able to conduct a current electrolytes dissociation

25. ______________-pH<7 and proton donor • ______________-pH> 7 and proton acceptor • pH measures H+ concentration • Acid +Base=Salt + water –all neutral NEUTRALIZATION REACTION base acid

27. buffers • _____________prevents sharp pH change

28. FOUR CLASSES of MACROMOLECULES in living things: • _____________=chainlike molecules made of many similar repeating units called_________________.These are joined by dehydration synthesis-Here a H-atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group(OH) is removed from from the monomer it is being joined with…a water molecule is released • When a polymer needs to be broken down/digested the reverse happens-_____________occurs-water molecule added to each bond, releasing monomers polymers hydrolysis monomers

29. 1)Carbohydrates(this means”hydrated C”)-FIRST SOURCE FOR ENERGY!!!!!inc. sugars,starches/have C,H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio-(w/some exceptions) • Example: C6H12O6= GLUCOSE-(blood sugar) • Sugars inc. monosaccharide(Glucose, fructose, galactose ,ribose and deoxyiribose),disaccharide-double sugars-2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration(Sucrose,lactose,maltose)---must be broken down to monosaccharides to be digested) and polysaccharides-long branching chains (starch and glycogen )---ideal for storage---/but lack the sweetness of smaller sugars(starch and glycogen)….Examples of starches______________________________ Pasta,rice,bread,carrots

31. Figure 2.14c Carbohydrates.

32. Lipids-made of C,H and O---look at lipid table p.46 Enter body as fat –marbled meats,egg yolks,milk products,and oils • ---made up of often fatty acids and glycerol • __________________________-are solid fats with all C-C bonds filled-no double or triple bonds….______________________-are liquids and they have at least 1 C-C double bond-either mono- or polyunsaturated Saturated fats unsaturated

33. lipids

35. 3 fatty acid chains 3 water molecules Glycerol Triglyceride, or neutral fat (a) Formation of a triglyceride Polar “head” Nonpolar “tail” 2 fatty acid chains (nonpolar end) Phosphorus-containing group (polar end) Glycerol backbone (b) Phospholipid molecule (phosphatidylcholine) (c) Cholesterol

36. 3 fatty acid chains Glycerol 3 water molecules Triglyceride, or neutral fat (a) Formation of a triglyceride

37. Neutral fats_triglycerides- • made of fatty acid and glycerol( 3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol) • in fat deposits-in subcutaneous tissue and around organs-protect,insulate and major energy source • Trans fats---(common in margarines and baked products) -oils solidifies by adding H atoms----considered bad for the cardiovascular system • Omega -3 fatty acids(in cold water fish)-help your heart and immune system • Phospholipids found in cell membrane

38. .

39. _____________fat soluble-inc. cholesterol and hormones,such as sex hormones-cholesterol basis of all body steroids • Cholesterol is the single most important steroid-from animal products and made by the liver---found in cell membranes ,raw material of vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts • ______________a breakdown product of cholesterol;released by liver into digestive tract-aid in fat digestion and absorption steroids Bile salts

41. ____________________-cortisol;aldersterone • LIPIDS ALSO Includes vitamins A(for vision)E(wound healing,fertility,antioxidant),K(for clotting,Prostaglandins-from fatty acid-membranes(used in labor,blood pressure, movement in digestive tract and in inflammation),lipoproteins(transport fatty acids and cholesterol in bloodstream-HDL and LDL) corticosteroids

42. PROTEINS- • made up of monomer of amino acids;>50% organic matter in the body,contain C,H,O,and N,~ 20 amino acids,polypeptide is another word for protein (containing fewer than 50 amino acids )and peptide bonds join amino acids-made of an amine (NH2) grp and an acid(COOH) grp,differ in R-grp • Fibrous(or structural) strandlike /Proteins are in most body structures;provide strength-eg.collagen in bones,cartilage and tendons…..also KERATIN—protein of hair ,nails,&skin-providing toughness • Globular proteins-mobile and mostly spherical and DO things---FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS----examples:enzymes-regulate reactions,antibodies---H-bonds and van der waals force help them-like hemoglogin,keep their shape

43. Figure 2.17 Amino acid structures. Amine group Acid group (a)Generalized structure of all amino acids (d)Lysine (a basic amino acid (b) Glycine (the simplest amino acid) (c) Aspartic acid (an acidic amino acid) (e) Cysteine (a sulfur- containing amino acid)

45. 4 levels of protein structure

47. . Heme group Globin protein (a) Triple helix of collagen (a fibrous or structural protein). (b) Hemoglobin molecule composed of the protein globin and attached heme groups. (Globin is a globular or functional protein.)

49. less stable than fibrous structures/If that structure is compromised by heat or extremes of pH, they are__________________-no longer perform their physiological functions.(because their structure dictates their function) denatured

50. Draw an enzyme (biological catalyst) –substrate complex and label active site • increases reaction rate/controls most physiological reactions