Horatio Alger

1. Horatio Alger 601

2. Horatio Alger wrote popular novels during the Industrial Revolution that told of young men who, with a lot of hard work and a bit of good luck, went from “rags to riches”. These tales suggested that anyone could become the next Andrew Carnegie if only he worked hard enough. 602

3. American Federation of Labor (AFL) 603

4. Founded in 1866, the AFL sought to organize craft unions in a federation in which the individual unions maintained some autocracy. The structure of the AFL differed from that of the Knights of Labor, which aimed to absorb individual unions. Samuel Gompers was the AFL’s founding leader. 604

5. Mann-Elkins Act(1910) 605

6. The Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 helped to regulate employment and commerce practices. It gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to regulate telephone and telegraph lines, and cable and wireless establishments, and to handle any disputes in court. 606

7. Lochner v.New York 607

8. Lochner v. New York (1905) declared certain professions exempt from the regulation of work hours. The Supreme Court ruled the limiting work hours was unconstitutional, because it interfered with the employer/ employee contract. The 1980 case, Muller v. Oregon, however, upheld a limited work-day for women because the Court deemed them physically inferior. 608

9. Muckrakers 609

10. Muckrakers were investigative journalist who worked during the early 1900s to un cover the corruption and misdeeds in American industry and politics. Their writings and publications encouraged widespread political and social reform. Important muckrakers include Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, and Lincoln Steffens. 610

11. Wounded Knee 611

12. During the late 1800s, a series of battles occurred between Indians and colonist, because the colonists were pushing them off their land. In 1890, a group of Teton Sioux were surrounded by U.S. troops at Wounded Knee (South Dakota). The armed U.S. forces massacred more then 200 unarmed Sioux Indians. 612

13. Selective Service Act 613

14. The Selective Service Act instituted a draft to build up U.S. military forces. Passed in May 1917, the act required all men aged 21 to 30 to register for military duty. 614

15. Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) 615

16. The YMCA and later the YWCA, came to America from England in 1851. it attempted to alleviate some of the strains of destitution in American cities by providing young people with affordable shelter and recreational facilities. 616

17. Sedition Amendment 617

18. Passed in 1918, the Sedition Amendment to the Espionage Act provided for punishment anyone using “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” in regard to the U.S. government, flag, or military. 618

19. Schenck v. U.S. 619

20. In 1919, Schenck v. U.S. declared that First Amendment rights are circumscribed in wartime. It said that if there is a “clear in present danger,” right could be restricted. Schenck, a Socialist leader, had been passing out leaflets against the war time draft, and was convinced for violating the Espionage Act (1917). This was an important case that expressed Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes’s ideas on balancing freedom with order. 620

21. Puerto Rico 621

22. The Treaty of Paris gave Puerto Rico to the U.S. and in 1917, Puerto Ricans were made U.S. citizens. In 1952 acquired commonwealth status. Puerto Ricans, however, cannot vote in presidential elections, do not pay federal taxes, and do not have representation in Congress. Puerto Ricans are still undecided about whether to remain a Commonwealth, become a state, or become an independent country. 622

23. Fourteen Points 623

24. On January 8, 1918, Woodrow Wilson outlined a liberal and idealistic peace program with his Fourteen Points. His plan called for unrestricted sea travel, free trade, arms reduction, an end to secret treaties, the territorial reorganization of Europe in favor of self-rule, and most importantly , the creation of “ a general association of nations” to protect peace and resolve conflicts. 624

25. Espionage Act 625

26. Passed in 1917, the Espionage Act enumerated a List of antiwar activities warranting fines or imprisonment. 626

27. Eugene Debs 627

28. Debs, a prominent socialist leader and five – time presidential candidate, formed the American Railway Union in 1893 and led the Pullman Strike in 1894, He helped found the Industrial Workers of the World, or Wobblies, in 1905. in 1918, he was aggressive tactics under the Espionage Act and Sedition Amendment; he was released in 1921. 628

29. Federal Reserve Act 629

30. Woodrow Wilson’s most notable legislative success the 1913 Federal Reserve Act reorganized the American banking system by creating a network of twelve Federal Reserve banks authorized to distribute currency. 630

31. Clayton Antitrust Act 631

32. The 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act, spearheaded by Woodrow Wilson, improved upon the vague Sherman Antitrust Act by enumerating a series of illegal business practices. 632

33. Sussex Pledge 633

34. In 1916, Woodrow Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany following a German U-boat attack against the French ship Sussex, which carried U.S. civilians. Germany responded with the Sussex Pledge, promising not to attack merchants ships without warning and temporarily easing the diplomatic tension between the U.S. and Germany. 634

35. Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) 635

36. The IWW, or Wobblies as they were nicknamed, was a radical labor organization. Founded in 1905 the IWW advocated revolution and massive societal reorganization. The organization faded away around 1920. 636

37. Susan B. Anthony 637

38. Susan B. Anthony was a leading member of the women’s suffrage movement. She served as president of the National American Women Suffrage Association from 1892 until 1900. 638

39. Dollar diplomacy 639

40. William Howard Taft’s foreign policy was called “dollar diplomacy.” Taft sought to address international problems by extending American investment overseas, believing that such activity would both benefit the U.S. economy and promote stability abroad. 640

41. W.E.B. Du Bois 641

42. Du Bois was the African – American leader most opposed to the gradual approach of achieving equal rights presented by Booker T. Washington. Du Bois advocated immediate equal treatment and equal educational opportunities for blacks. He helped initiate the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) IN 1909. 642

43. Big stick 643

44. “Big stick” diplomacy refers to the foreign relations policies of Theodore Roosevelt, who summed up his aggressive stance toward international affairs with the phrased “ Speak softly and carry a big stick” 644

45. Bull Moose party 645

46. The Bull Moose Party was the nicknamed of the Progressive Republican Party, led by Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election. It had the best showing of any third party in the history of the United States. The emergence of the Bull Moose Party dramatically weakened the Republican Party and allowed Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the election decisively with only 42 percent of the popular vote. 646

47. National Conservation Commission 647

48. Created in 1909 by Theodore Roosevelt, the National Conservation Commission aimed to achieve more efficient and responsible management of the nation’s resources. 648

49. Eugenics 649

50. The field of eugenics, popularized during the Progressive Era, was founded on the premise that the “ perfect” human society could be achieved through genetic tinkering. Eugenics was often used to justify a supremacist, white Protestant ideology advocating the elimination of “ undesirable racial elements “ from American society. 650