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General Information a bout fungi

General Information a bout fungi. Collected and prepared by : M.Sadiq Himmat ,Pharmacy Dr. may 2011 Kabul university. Fungal Characteristics        1) Cell wall made of Chitin     2) Heterotrophs and major Decomposers

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General Information a bout fungi

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  1. General Information a bout fungi Collected and prepared by : M.Sadiq Himmat ,Pharmacy Dr. may 2011 Kabul university Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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  5. Fungal Characteristics •        1)Cell wall made of Chitin •     2)Heterotrophs and major Decomposers •      3)Body is made of Long filaments of hyphae which form a mycelium •         4)Reproduce sexually and asexually • Asexually by spores • Sexually by mating of hyphae filaments Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  6. An example of Fungi You know Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  7. Mushrooms – “Club Like” Fungi or Basidiomycete Fungi Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  8. Bracket Fungi – Basidiomycete Fungi Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  9. Bread Mold – a Zygomycete Fungi Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  10. Cup Fungi – Ascomycete Fungi Note the cup shapes and orange peel colour Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  11. Kingdom Fungi – you must know 5 Major Phyla • Phylum Zygomycota = the Bread Molds • Rhizopus – black bread mold • Oomycota = the Water Molds • Water mold, potato blight, mildew • Phylum Ascomycota = the Sac Fungi • Yeast, morels, truffles • Phylum Basidiomycota = the Club Fungi • Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts, toadstools • Phylum Deuteromycota = the Fungi Imperfecti Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  12. Zygomycota (Rhizopus) the Common Molds -are primarily decomposers -asexual spores may be produced in sporangia -sexual reproduction occurs between + and – strains forming a 2n zygote; a zygospore develops and may lie dormant for a long period of time; meiosis occurs just before germination -only the zygote is diploid; all hyphae and asexual spores are haploid Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  13. Zygomycota – common molds The fungal mass of hyphae, known as the MYCELIUM penetrates the bread and produces the fruiting bodies on top of the stalks Mycelia = a mass of hyphae or filaments Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  14. Rhizoids = root-like hyphae The zhizoids meet underground and mating occurs between hyphae of different molds (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION) Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  15. Zygomycota (Rhizopus) Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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  17. Lifecycle of a Zygomycete Fungi – Asexual then Sexual Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  18. Ascomycota – Cup Fungi Life Cycle Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  19. Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  20. Truffles are round, warty, fungi that are irregular in shape. They vary from the size of a walnut to that of a man's fist. Since the times of the Greeks and Romans these fungi have been used in Europe as delicacies, as aphrodisiacs, and as medicines. They are among the most expensive of the world's natural foods, often commanding as much as $250 to $450 per pound. Truffles are harvested in Europe with the aid of female pigs or truffle dogs, which are able to detect the strong smell of mature truffles underneath the surface of the ground. The female pig becomes excited when she sniffs a chemical that is similar to the male swine sex attractant. The use of dogs to find truffles is also and option. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  21. Morels are Ascomycete Fungi Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  22. Basidiomycete or Club Fungi Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  23. Life Cycle of Basidiomycete Fungi Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  24. Bracket Fungi Puff Balls Basidiomycete Fungi that all produce Basiospores Jelly Fungi Mushrooms Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  25. Other Basidiomycetes Rusts and Smuts Rust infecting wheat leaves Whitrot Smut digesting old wood Rust infecting a Leaf Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  26. Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi) -Regarded as imperfect because they exhibit no sexual stage has been observed in their life cycle -Members are not closely related and are not necessarily similar in structure or appearance; do not share a common ancestry, polyphyletic = coming from many ancestors – hmm weird  Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  27. Deuteromycota – the Fungi Imperfecti • Resemble Ascomycetes, but their reproductive cycle has never been observed • Different from Ascomycetes because there is a definite lack of sexual reproduction, which is why they are called Imperfect Fungi Penicillium fungi Up Close Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  28. Water Molds -- Oomycota The water molds are better known as the MILDEWS. Fish tank fuzz is an example. Protist-like mold because share common characteristics with plant-like protists, such as the cell wall Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  29. LifeCycle of Oomycota Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  30. Things to Know about Oomycete Fungi • Water molds or mildews • Cause diseases such as potato blight • Cell walls made of cellulose (like plant) • Hyphae have multiple nuclei! Because the cell walls do not fully close off. • Spore swims away like a flagellate, which is why it is protist like (think of Euglena) Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  31. Irish Potato Famine of 19th Century Devastated potato crops, causing devastating starvation in Ireland  Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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  35. Cross Walls of Hyphae Coenocytic hyphae where the nucleis of each cell is embedded in the cytoplasm without a cell wall Eg. Zygomycota, Oomycota Hyphae with cross walls Eg. Basidiomycota, Ascomycota Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  36. Lichens Lichens are mutualistic symbiotic organisms. They have an ____________ fungus and a _________ or cyanobacterial portion. There are three lichen growth forms which are predominant in nature: _____________________ _____________________________ Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  37. Fruticose Crustose Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com Foliose

  38. Mycorrhizae Mycorrhizae means “fungus-root”; mutualistic relationship between plant and fungi The plant photosynthesizes while the fungus more efficiently takes up nutrients and water from the rhizosphere than the roots would alone. • Plant benefits include: • Improved nutrient/water uptake • Improved root growth • Improved plant growth and yield • Improved disease resistance • Reduced transplant shock • Reduced drought stress Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

  39. Soredia are the asexual reproductive part of lichens, containing both symbionts. Rhizines may be present to anchor the lichen. Notice the distinctive algal layer and the fungal layer present in the above illustration. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

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