Magnetic Resonance Imaging

1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Basic principles of MRI This lecture was taken from “Simply Physics” Click here to link to this site

2. Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging technique used primarily in medical settings to produce high quality images of the soft tissues of the human body. It is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a spectroscopic technique to obtain microscopic chemical and physical information about molecules MRI has advanced beyond a tomographic imaging technique to a volume imaging technique

3. Tomographic Imaging • Started out as a tomographic imaging modality for producing NMR images of a slice though the human body. • Each slice is composed of several volume elements or voxels. • The volume of a voxel is 3 mm3. • The computer image is composed of several picture elements called pixels. The intensity of each pixel is proportional to the NMR signal intensity.

4. Microscopic Principles • The composition of the human body is primarily fat and water • Fat and water have many hydrogen atoms • 63% of human body is hydrogen atoms • Hydrogen nuclei have an NMR signal • MRI uses hydrogen because it has only one proton and it aligns easily with the MRI magnet. • The hydrogen atom’s proton, possesses a property called spin • A small magnetic field • Will cause the nucleus to produce an NMR signal

5. Magnetic Principles • The spinning hydrogen protons act like small , weak magnets. • They align with an external magnetic field (Bø). • There is a slight excess of protons aligned with the field. (for 2 million , 9 excess) ~6 million billion/voxel at 1.5T • The # of protons that align with the field is so very large that we can pretty much ignore quantum mechanics and focus on classical mechanics.

6. More Magnetic Principles • The spinning protons wobble or “precess” about that axis of the external Bø field at the precessional, Larmor or resonance frequency. • Magnetic resonance imaging frequency • n = g Bo • where g is the gyromagnetic ratio • The resonance frequency n of a spin is proportional to the magnetic field, Bo.

7. More Principles • Now if an electromagnetic radio frequency (RF) pulse is applied at the resonance (Larmor, precession, wobble) frequency, then the protons can absorb that energy, and (at the quantum level) jump to a higher energy state. • At the macro level, the magnetization vector, Mø, (6 million billion protons) spirals down towards the XY plane.

8. Stages in Magnetic Resonance • Once the RF transmitter is turned off three things happen simultaneously. 1. The absorbed RF energy is retransmitted (at the resonance frequency). 2. The excited spins begin to return to the original Mz orientation. (T1 recovery to thermal equilibrium).3. Initially in phase, the excited protons begin to dephase (T2 and T2* relaxation)

9. Electromagnetism • Once Mz (a magnetization vector) has been tipped away from the Z axis, the vector will continue to precess around the external Bø field at the resonance frequency wø. A rotating magnetic field produces electromagnetic radiation. Since wø is in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum the rotating vector is said to give off RF waves.

10. Magnetization • The RF emission is the net result of the Z component (Mz) of the magnetization recovering back to Mø • The time course whereby the system returns to thermal equilibrium, or Mz grows to Mø, is mathematically described by an exponential curve. This recovery rate is characterized by the time constant T1, which is unique to every tissue. This uniqueness in Mz recovery rates is what enables MRI to differentiate between different types of tissue.

11. Imaging Hardware • Hardware Overview • Magnet • Gradient Coils • RF Coils • Safety

12. Clinical Images • Knee • Spine • Brain

13. The End This lecture was taken from the web site “Simply Physics” Click here to link to this site

14. A schematic representation of the major systems on a magnetic resonance imager Return

15. The Magnet • The most expensive component of the imaging system. • Most magnets are of the superconducting type. This is a picture of a 1.5 Tesla • A superconducting magnet is an electromagnet made of superconducting wire. • Superconducting wire has a resistance close to zero when it is cooled to a zero temperature (-273.15o C or 0 K, by emersion in liquid helium). • Once current flows in the coil, it will continue to flow as long as the coil is kept at liquid helium temperatures. Return

16. Gradient Coils

17. Gradient Coils Priciples • These are room temperature coils • A gradient in Bo in the Z direction is achieved with an antihelmholtz type of coil. • Current in the two coils flow in opposite directions creating a magnetic field gradient between the two coils. • The B field at one coil adds to the Bo field while the B field at the center of the other coil subtracts from the Bo field • The X and Y gradients in the Bo field are created by a pair of figure-8 coils. The X axis figure-8 coils create a gradient in Bo in the X direction due to the direction of the current through the coils. • The Y axis figure-8 coils provides a similar gradient in Bo along the Y axis. Return

18. RF Coils

19. R F Coils contd… • RF coils create the B1 field which rotates the net magnetization in a pulse sequence. • RF coils can be divided into three general categories 1) transmit and receive coils 2) receive only coils 3) transmit only coils Return

20. Safety The patient's arm was against the wall of a body coil being operated in a transmit mode with a surface coil as the receiver. The burn first appeared as a simple blister and progressed to a charring that had to be surgically removed. A third degree RF burn Return

21. Knee Coronal Sagittal Return

22. Spine in Sagittal Plane Return

23. Brain MRI Return