The Civil War

1. The Civil War 1861-1865 The North (Union) vs. the South (Confederate States of America)

2. Southern Secession • Following LINCOLN’S election, the southern states seceded from the Union. • Confederate forces attack FORT SUMTER in South Carolina, marking the official beginning of the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address: Monday, March 4th, 1861

3. Southern Secession • Lincoln and many NORTHERNERS believed that the United States was one nation that could not be separated or divided. Most Southerners believes that states had FREELY created and joined the union, so they could freely leave it

4. Fort Sumter • April, 1861 • Charleston, SC • Lincoln sends supplies totroops at fort • South fires on and captures fort (1000s of artillery rounds used) • Winner – South • Start of the Civil War

5. Union Anaconda Plan Squeeze the south from all sides Naval blockade of the Atlantic Naval blockade of the Mississippi Ground invasion from the North Highly organized through telegram and railroad Confederacy Defensive/Offensive plan Defend land Hold Ground War of Attrition Attack when the opportunity for victory is high Mainly controlled by field commanders Little central planning Seek European allies War Strategies

6. Resources & Advantages North South -Population -Industry (ammunition) -Resources -Labor pool -Railroad network -Navy -Established government -Abraham Lincoln -Strong military tradition -Military leaders (Robert E. Lee) -Fighting for survival (Psychological) -Fighting on home soil -Defensive War -Washington, DC was onthe outskirts of VA

7. Strategies South North Small armies;do just enoughdamage to breakthe North’s willto fight Anaconda Plan Military Gain recognitionfrom England &France; tradewith Europeinstead of North Prevent secessionof the Border States(MO, KY, DE, MD) Political / Economical

8. Anaconda Plan • 1 – Blockade Southern Ports • 2 – Take Mississippi River & Split Confederacy • 3 – Take Richmond (capital of the Confederacy)

9. Domestic Policies • Homestead Act – Domestic policy that allowed poor people in the East to obtain Land in the West • Signed tariff legislation to protect American Industry • Signed a bill that started the development of the first transcontinental railroad • Foreign policy was focused on preventing outside intervention in the Civil War (Britain)

10. Major Battles of the Civil War

11. Life for Soldiers • Poor Conditions in camps • Poor sanitation, led to the rapid spread of illness and disease • More men died in war from disease than from battle • Most frequent treatment of disease and illness/injury: Amputation • Prison Camps: Horrible Conditions • Most Famous in Andersonville, GA

12. First Battle of Bull Run • July 21, 1861 • Manassas, VA • South Gen. P.G.T.Beauregard & Gen. Stonewall Jackson’s troops defeat North Gen. Irvin McDowell’s 30,000 troops • Winner – South • Citizens shocked at the carnage of war • Lincoln fires McDowell

13. Raising an Army • Draft Laws • Confederacy • Overseerers of 2000 or more slaves were exempt • Must pay a fine • “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” • Union • Commutation fee of $300 • Average day’s wages was $1 • NYC Riots – immigrants revolt against blacks (Jobs)

14. Monitor v. Virginia • March, 1862 • Off VA coast • North Monitor v. South Virginia(used to be Union Merrimack) • Winner – None • First battle of ironclad ships (modern naval warfare!)

15. Battle of Shiloh • April, 1862 • Southwest Tennessee • North Gen. Ulysses S. Grant captures forts in TN, wins two-day battle in Shiloh; 25,000 troop casualties • Winner – North • Death toll horrifying for North & South • Grant’s reputation hurt

16. Second Battle of Bull Run • August, 1862 • Manassas, VA • South Gen. Lee & Jackson defeat larger Northern force • Winner – South • Southern confidence is high • Lincoln re-hires McClellan

17. Antietam (1862) – Lee’s 1st invasion of the North – bloodiest single day of the war (MD) – 23,000 casualties in one day

18. Battle of Antietam • Sept. 17, 1862 • Sharpsburg, MD • North Gen. McClellan defeats South Gen. Lee; 23,000 casualties; Lee retreats to VA • Winner – North • Bloodiest day in American history • Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

19. Clara Barton – “Angel of Antietam,” founder of the American Red Cross

20. WOMEN IN THE WAR Clara Barton -Famous Civil Warnurse, cared for wounded soldiers on the battlefields-Best known for her later work with the Red Cross • What are other women doing during the war? • Vast majority of women took over family businesses, farms, and plantations • Jobs typically for men become held by more women (teaching, for example) • Nursing

21. Antietam: Importance • Gives Lincoln enhanced confidence • Issues the Emancipation Proclamation

22. ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND SLAVERY • Did not go to war against the South in 1860 to abolish slavery • His primary goal was to preserve the Union • However, average northern soldiers and northern public opinion did see abolition of slavery as a major goal of the war • In addition, the freeing of slaves would deprive the South of valuable manpower in both military and civilian areas and thus cripple the Southern war effort • For both emotional and practical reasons, the demand for the abolition of slavery grew in the North while the war was still going on

23. The Emancipation Proclamation • Jan. 1, 1863 • Freed slaves in rebellious states • No immediate impact on slavery • One of the war goals now becomes abolition

24. ProclamationofEmancipation 1863 “In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free - honorable alike in what we give, and what we preserve”. Lincoln

25. p. 236-239 Emancipation Proclamation Who issued it?: With victory at Antietam, Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation Whom did it free?: All enslaved people in rebelling states beginning January 1, 1863 Who is this leaving out?: It did not apply to loyal border states or to places that were already under Union military control; Didn’t free ALL slaves! So, it received a mixed reaction (both positive and negative)

26. After the Proclamation, the North begins active recruitment of African Americans • 180,000 African American volunteers in the Union military by war’s end (85% of freedmen fought for the Union) • Most well-known African American regiment: • 54th Massachusetts Regiment • Robert Gould Shaw • What difficulties do you think they faced? • Prejudice: Assigned menial tasks, longest guard, exposed battle positions, lower pay, killed if captured

27. Gettysburg • July 1-3, 1863 • 3 Day Battle • Union held the high ground • Cemetery Ridge • Culp’s Hill • Round Tops

28. Day 2 Col. Joshua Chamberlain, 20th Maine – “Fix Bayonets”

29. Day 3 • Pickett’s charge: “In the center, they will break.”

30. Battle of Gettysburg • July 1-3, 1863 • Pennsylvania • General Lee & the South invade the North • 3-day battle ends after unsuccessful Southern attack known as “Pickett’s Charge” • 90,000 Union soldiers fought 75,000 Confederate soldiers. • 50,000 casualties • Winner – North • ***Turning Point*** • South retreats to VA • Lincoln issues Gettysburg Address

31. Vicksburg Campaign • Siege Warfare • Total War (vs. Citizens and Soldiers)

32. Battle of Vicksburg • July 1863 • Mississippi • Grant places Vicksburg under siege, cutting off supplies & bombarding the city until its surrender • Winner – North • ***Turning Point in the War*** • North gains the Mississippi River, splits Confederacy in half Which plan does this satisfy?

33. Gettysburg Address • 2 minutes • “Equality for all” • Uses victory at Gettysburg as event for speech

34. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. • Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. • But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain --that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

35. Ulysses S. Grant Granted command of Union Army after Vicksburg

36. William Tecumseh Sherman • “We shall make the south sick of war.” • Total War • “60 mile swath” • Pillaging

37. Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864)

38. Sherman’s March to the Sea • May – Dec 1864 • Georgia • (North) Gen. William T. Sherman marches from TN/GA border, through Atlanta, to GA coast, • Destroyed cities, factories, RRs, homes along the way; “Total War” • Winner – North • Atlanta burned to the ground • Southern economy destroyed

39. Election of 1864

40. Battle of Ft. Fisher December 1864 Wilmington, NC Failed attempt by Union forces to capture the fort guarding Wilmington, the South's last major port on the Atlantic 1st day – Union tried to blow up a ship to destroy the Fort’s walls and failed; 2nd day – Union tried to come ashore and failed 320 casualties Winner – South The South keeps their port

41. 13th Amendment • Adopted in February, 1865 • Outlaws Slavery in USA

42. Battle of Bentonville March 1865 North Carolina Confederate army launched a tactical offensive on Union troops Only significant attempt to defeat the large Sherman during its march through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865 Winner – North Largest battle fought in NC

43. Appomattox Court House • April 1865 • Virginia • (South) Gen. Lee’s troops are trapped & surrounded by Northern troops • Lee formally surrenders to Grant • Winner – North • The war is (unofficially) over

44. Death Tolls • Union – 360,000 (41% of total army) • Confederacy – 258,000 (56% of total army)

45. Lincoln’s Assassination • April 14, 1865 • Ford’s Theatre, D.C. • John Wilkes Booth sneaks into Lincoln’s booth, shoots him in the head • Loss of a great leader, but seen by many as a hero and a symbol of freedom • http://www.history.com/topics/john-wilkes-booth/interactives/john-wilkes-booth-timeline-and-map

46. What qualities helped Abraham Lincoln to become a great leader? • Capacity to listen to different points of view. • Ready willingness to share blame for failure. • Going Out into the Field and Manage Directly. • Ability to Communicate Goals and Vision. • Strength to Adhere to Fundamental Goals. • Knowing How to Relax and Replenish. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Historian

47. Inside the Lincoln Memorial, a majestic statue sits in repose with the following words inscribed . . .

48. In This Temple As in The Hearts Of The People For Whom He saved The Union The Memory Of Abraham Lincoln Is Enshrined Forever