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NASA Space Communication & Navigation Architecture

NASA Space Communication & Navigation Architecture. John Rush NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. National Spectrum Managers Association 17 May 2006. Discussion Items. Background Space Communication Architecture RF Links / Architecture Components Interoperability Potential Summary.

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NASA Space Communication & Navigation Architecture

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  1. NASA Space Communication & Navigation Architecture John Rush NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. National Spectrum Managers Association 17 May 2006

  2. Discussion Items • Background • Space Communication Architecture • RF Links / Architecture Components • Interoperability Potential • Summary

  3. Background • NASA Space Communication Office established a NASA-wide Space Communication Architecture Working Group (SCAWG) in February 2004 • SCAWG Tasked to develop a space communication architecture that will provide communication & navigation services to all NASA Science and Exploration missions through the 2030 time frame • The SCAWG completed its top level space communication architecture on 17 March 2006

  4. Earth, Moon & Mars Emphasis • Earth Operations • Continuing Earth Observation & Space Science Missions • International Space Station (ISS) • Space Shuttle through 2010 • Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) starting before 2010 • ISS re-supply vehicles • Lunar Exploration • Robotic Phase • Human Sortie Phase • Human Outpost • Mars Exploration • Robotic Phase • Prepare for Human Exploration (post 2030 time frame)

  5. Some Important Desired Features • Interoperable • Provide communication and navigation services to wide range of users • Scalable • Allow capability adjustments in small increments • Adaptable • Capable of changing capability to meet changes in mission needs • Reliable • Meets robust communication support requirements for human space flight • Minimize User Burden • Minimize Power, Mass, Volume burden on user spacecraft

  6. FUTURE: Top Level Conceptual Communication Architecture ~2030 Lunar Local Network Martian Local Network Martian Trunk Lunar Trunk L1/L2 Individual Spacecraft Connections Earth Local Network

  7. Earth-based Network Focus Areas • Continuation of Earth • Relay Satellite Capability • Continuation of Deep • Space Large Aperture • Antenna Capability • Space-based Range • Capability

  8. Lunar Network Focus Lunar Local Network Provide Communication Coverage for Far Side / Limb area Operations Lunar Trunk

  9. Mars Network Focus Martian Local Network Martian Trunk • Mars Relay Satellites • High Data Rate • Communications • More Connections

  10. Deep Space Communication Focus • Higher Data Rates • More Connections L1/L2 Individual Spacecraft Connections Earth Local Network

  11. Overall Architecture Navigation Architecture Network Architecture CROSSCUTTING ARCHITECTURE Spectrum Framework Lunar Relay Satellite Element Earth-based Relay Satellite Element Mars Relay Satellite Element Earth-based Antenna Element ELEMENT ARCHITECTURES

  12. Lunar exploration - sorties, outpost RLEP missions Mars exploration focus GEO to Near Earth Missions Deep space missions Dedicated stations support Polar missions, Launch Head, and other LEO-GEO & Near Earth Missions Ground-Based Earth Element 2006 2030 Earth Polar, LEO, GEO missions, and ELV Missions Downlink arrays in steady state for missions support Build-up of downlink antenna arrays supporting missions above GEO Gradual decommission of large aperture DSN antennas Antennas

  13. Satellite Attrition Satellite Replenishment 2030+ 2006 2015 Future Constellation Current Constellation Transition Overlap F9 EOL 2017 F13BOL 2017 F14BOL 2018 F7 EOL 2019 F4 EOL 2007 F8 EOL 2019 F10 EOL 2019 WSC GT 1 F6 EOL 2015 F11BOL 2015 F12BOL2016 Terrestrial Network Terrestrial Network F5 * Guam GT GT 2 F32010 EOL GT #2 MIXED FLEET AND CAPABILITIES S-Band Demand Access (300 KBS) S-Band Demand Access Enhanced Single Access - S-band (6 MBS) - Ku-Band (300 MBS) - Ka-band (300 MBS) 3 sats Single Access - S-band (6 MBS) - Ka-band (.6 – 1.2 Gbps) Possible signal performance (6 dB+ forward/3dB+ return) Global Coverage & Some Extended Coverage Beyond LEO Global Coverage & Some Extended Coverage Beyond LEO Bent-pipe Design Bent-pipe Design 2 Ground Terminals (WSC & Guam) 2 Ground Terminal locations Ground Obsolescence & Upgrades Web-based Scheduling IP/SLE Connectivity NASA wide Service Mgmt Protocol Near Earth Relay Element Guam

  14. Human ExplorationGlobal Sortie Access South Pole Outpost Robotic Exploration Sortie-1 Sortie-2 Sortie-3 Sortie-N South PoleOutpostVisit 2 Lunar CEVFly-by South PoleOutpostVisit 1 RLEP2 RLEP3 + Relays are deployed incrementally:# of relays, Coverage and Capability is responsive to mission evolution RLEP4 + Focused South Pole Outpost: Can be supported by an elliptical orbit constellation of two relays providing continuous coverage RLEP relays used to mature technology and components for relay satellite & Nav Beacon capability at beginning of Human Sortie Phase + + + Scalability: Numerous intermediate solutions available to meet mission needs Global Capability Option:Possible with 6-relay constellation that provides continuous global lunar coverage Lunar Relay Element

  15. Mars Relay Element (Evolves with Missions) Robotic Exploration Human Exploration PHX MSL Scout First Human Landing NetworkLanders MER Sample Return Scout AFL ... ... MGS MSTO ODY MRO Mars Areostationary Relay Satellites • Phase 2 Mars Relay Architecture: • Dedicated Telesats • Redundant, continuous coverage of human landing site • Higher-performance access link and trunk line capabilites to meet human era comm/nav rqmts • Phase 1 Mars Relay Architecture: • Science/Telecom Hybrid Relay Orbiters • Standardized relay payload flown on each planned science orbiter • Cost-effective strategy to grow Mars Relay infrastructure • Increased data return and imrpoved energy-efficiency relative to direct-to-Earth communications • Orbit characteristics constrained by primary science mission goals • Spacecraft design and consumables for long extended relay ops Detailed Phase 2 orbit design will be responsive to human mission design and detailed comm/nav requirements; areostationary option shown for reference • Software defined relay radio represents key architectural building block • Supports evolution of comm protocols over orbiter lifetime • Enables infusion of new capabilities in response to emerging technologies (e.g., improved coding) • Allows flexible response to unanticipated mission needs

  16. End Users (Earth) End Users (Remote) Control Centers Earth Ground Stations Relays NASA SPACE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK Data Flow Information Flow Network Architecture • End-to-End • IP-like (leverage Internet but modified for Space) • “Off-Ramp” Concept Provides Mission Flexibility • Standard Set “Policy Driven” Network built on spectrum foundation

  17. Spectrum Framework • Foundation of NASA RF Communication and Navigation Services to Future Missions • Focused on Lunar and Martian Exploration Programs • Provides Each Mission 2 “Channels”: • Robust Link Designed for TT&C • High Rate Mission Data Link • Allows Missions to Implement In-band Commanding / Low Rate Mission Data Options

  18. 40-40.5 GHz 37-38 GHz 3 Operational Data 40-40.5 GHz 37-38 GHz 2025 - 2110 MHz 2200 – 2290 MHz 2200 – 2290 MHz 2025 - 2110 MHz Lunar Operational Data Bands Far Side Orbiter Using Lunar Relay With Cross Link and Near Side Orbiter Using Direct to/from Earth Link Lunar relay Crewed Vehicle Lander

  19. Lunar Mission Data Bands Far Side Orbiter Using Lunar Relay With Cross Link and Near Side Orbiter Using Direct to/from Earth Link 40-40.5 GHz Lunar Relay Mission Data 37-38 GHz 25.5-27 GHz 22.55-23.55 GHz 40-40.5 GHz 37-38 GHz 22.55—23.55 GHz* 25.5—27GHz Lander Crewed Vehicle *Requires a new SRS allocation for Earth-to-space

  20. Mars Operational Data Bands Showing Direct to/from Earth 2025-2030 Operational Data Crewed vehicle 7145-7190 MHz 8400-8450 MHz 7145-7190 MHz 8400-8450 MHz Mars Lander

  21. Mars Operational Data Bands Showing Use of Both Mars Relay and Direct to/from Earth 2025-2030 No cross link band identified at this time for Mars relay and may not be required. Relay may use storage and forward when Earth is visible. Operational Data Mars Relay 7145-7190 MHz 8400-8450 MHz Mars Lander 7145-7190 MHz 8400-8450 MHz Forward Link Near 7145-7190 MHz Return Link Near 8400-8450 MHz

  22. Mars Mission Data Bands Showing Use of Both Mars Relay and Direct to/from Earth 2025-2030 No cross link band identified at this time for Mars relay and may not be required. Relay may use storage and forward when Earth is visible. Mars Relay Mission Data 40-40.5 GHz 37-37.5 GHz 34.2-34.7 GHz 31.8-32.3 GHz Mars Lander Forward LinkNear 34.2-34.7 GHz Return LinkNear 31.8-32.3 GHz Crewed Vehicle

  23. Space Communication Architecture Designed for Potential Interoperability Interoperable “Plug-and-Play”Communications Network • Spectrum - Prelimary plan • developed • Protocols - IP- like • Network Management – Policy • driven Lunar Surface User Network Lunar Orbital Network Earth Network Lunar Base Rendering by Pat Rawlings

  24. Summary • NASA has developed a space communication architecture that will provide service to our science and human exploration programs for the future • A key consideration has been to include the options for potential future interoperability with other space agencies operating in the lunar or Martian regions • We believe that agreement on a spectrum plan for the Moon and Mars is the foundation upon which this interoperability option must be built

  25. BACKUP

  26. Top Communication Requirements Required Downlink Capacity • Provide bidirectional comms to all human & robotic space missions across the solar system addressing all mission phases • Provide relay comms to support orbiting & surface users for the Earth, Moon, & Mars • Provide direct comms to support near Earth & deep space users • Provide seamless integration of space comm networks with terrestrial comm networks • Comply with NASA Spectrum Policy in use of S, X, Ku & Ka bands

  27. Provide nav services from Earth to selected locations at the farthest outer planet distances Provide nav services for all mission phases from concept development through end of mission Provide radiometric tracking Provide one-way radiometric ranging with GNSS interoperability Augment real time navigation on the mission S/C: entry, descent and landing; ascent; rendezvous; docking & berthing; & formation flying Standardize time dissemination using a common time scale to missions across the solar system Top Navigation Requirements Key Navigation Performance Requirements

  28. Earth-based Ground Antennas Inter Element Interfacebbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb Communication Element User Interface Earth Relay Satellite Earth-based Ground Antennas 13.4-14.05 GHz Launch Vehicles Mission Data 14.6-15.205 GHz 2025-2110 MHz 13.4-14.05 GHz TT&C 2200-2290 MHz TT&C 14.6-15.205 GHz (2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz for TT&C emergency) 22.55-23.55 GHz* Earth Orbital User Mission Data 25.5-27 GHz 2025-2110 MHz Lunar Relay Satellite TT&C 2200-2290 MHz TT&C and Mission Data 37-38 GHz 40-40.5 GHz Lunar Surface / Orbital User 22.55-23.55 GHz* 2200-2290 MHZ emergency telemetry Mission Data 25.5-27 GHz 2025-2110 MHz emergency commanding 2025-2110 MHz TT&C 2200-2290 MHz 31.8-32.3 GHz,37-37.5 GHz 31.8-32.3 GHz, 37-37.5 GHz Mars Relay Satellite Mars Surface / Orbital User 34.2-34.7 GHz, 40-40.5 GHz 34.2-34.7 GHz, 40-40.5 GHz Mission Data Mission Data 8400-8450 MHz 7145-7190 MHz 7145-7190 MHz TT&C TT&C 8400-8450 MHz * Requires new SRS (E-s) allocation in ITU

  29. Earth Relay Inter Element Interface Communication Element User Interface 2025-2110 MHz 14.6-15.205 GHz Launch Vehicles Earth-based Dedicated Ground Antenna EarthRelay Satellite TT&C 2200-2290 MHz TT&C 13.4-14.05 GHz 2025-2110 MHz and 2200-2290 MHz used for emergency 22.55-23.55 GHz 14.6-15.205 GHz (in-band commanding) Mission Data 25.25-27.5 GHz Mission Data 13.4-14.05 GHz(in-band telemetry) 2025-2110 MHz Orbital User TT&C 2200-2290 MHz 22.55-23.55 GHz Mission Data 25.25-27.5 GHz Intra-System Interface TT&C and Mission Data 59-65 GHz 54.25-58.2 GHz Earth Relay Satellite

  30. Lunar Relay Inter Element Interface Communication Element User Interface 2025-2110 MHz Earth-based Ground Antennas LunarRelay Satellite Surface User TT&C and Mission Data TT&C 2200-2290 MHz 37-38 GHz 40-40.5 GHz 2200-2290 MHZ emergency telemetry 22.55-23.55 GHz 2025-2110 MHz emergency commanding Mission Data 25.5-27 GHz 2025-2110 MHz Orbital User TT&C 2200-2290 MHz 22.55-23.55 GHz Mission Data 25.5-27 GHz Intra-System Interface TT&C andMission Data 37.5-38 GHz 40-40.5 GHz LunarRelay Satellite

  31. Spectrum for Mars Relay ( Early robotic phase 2010-2025) Inter Element Interface Communication Element User Interface 7145-7190 MHz 435-450 MHz Earth-based Ground Antenna MarsRelay Satellite Surface User TT&C TT&C 8400-8450 MHz 390-405 MHz 34.2-34.7 GHz Near 7145-7190 MHz Mission Data Mission Data Near 8400-8450 MHz 31.8-32.3 GHz 435-450 MHz Orbital User TT&C 390-405 MHz Near 7145-7190 MHz Mission Data Near 8400-8450 MHz Bands not identified Intra-System Interface Mission Data TT&C Mars Relay Satellite

  32. Spectrum for Mars Relay ( 2025-2030 Manned Exploration Phase) Inter Element Interface Communication Element User Interface 7145-7190 MHz 435-450 MHz Earth-based Ground Antenna MarsRelay Satellite Surface User TT&C 8400-8450 MHz 390-405 MHz TT&C Near 7145-7190 MHz Near 8400-4450 MHz 40-40.5 GHz Near 34.2-34.7 GHz Mission Data 37-37.5 GHz Near 31.8-32.3 GHz Mission Data 435-450 MHz Orbital User TT&C 390-405 MHz Near 7145-7190 MHz Near 8400-4450 MHz Near 34.2-34.7 GHz Near 31.8-32.3 GHz Mission Data Bands not identified Intra-System Interface Mission Data TT&C Mars Relay Satellite

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