Industry and Climate

1. Industry and Climate Primary industries: exploitation of raw materials and foodstuffs directly from the physical environment (agricultural, forestry, fisheries, mining) Secondary industries: utilize resources gained from primary activities for further processing (iron and steel work; foodstuff processing) Tertiary industries: services, professional services, trading and tourism.

2. Climate plays a role in 5 important areas: • 1. Operations and production (design, location, planning of operations) • 2. Labor (especially biological influences) • 3. Raw materials (storage, exposure, availability) • 4. Transportation (route planning, scheduling, hazards) • 5. Sales and distribution

3. Factors contribute to industry location: historical influence, provision of raw materials, availability of fuel and power resources, supply of labor and market consideration. Climate impact may be hard to assess even if it could be a major one.

4. (1) Historical influence of climate Example: aircraft industry in California. Early aircraft manufacturers are attracted to locations with mild winter and light wind (flying weather) lower heating degree days. Movie industry in southern California: early cameras required natural light, sunny climate provide long hours of outdoor shooting. Also, geographical diversity in topography, vegetation, landforms etc are convenient within driving distance. (2) Climate impact raw material Large industrial processing plants appear where raw materials are found. Example: meat-packing and grain-processing in American Midwest; location of pulp and paper mills in the forest belt of Canada. (3) Climate impact on production West Africa is the major producer of cocoa. Western European countries are the main producers of chocolate and related products. The hot, humid conditions of the production areas would necessitate high-cost facilities to stop chocolate products from melting; air-conditioned storage and shipping facilities are needed

5. (4)Climate impact on energy production: Hydroelectric power replies on sustained flow of water over a gradient. This is most often achieve by construction of dams to create large lakes. Example: Hoover Dan over desert. Water comes from Lake Mead on the Colorado river, precipitation comes from Rockies. (precipitation) Solar energy: passive solar collectors mounted on the roof, heat energy collected is transferred to home by circulating air or fluids through a pipe system and its often used for water heating. (Sunny region) Wind Energy: has a long history. Sailing, windmills, wind-driven water pump, etc. Example: wind farms at Atamont Pass in CA has 7000 wind turbines and supplies 1% of California’s energy use. (large wind speed). (5) Climate Attracts workers Example: rapid growth of the sun-belt states is indicative of the attractiveness of a warm, almost winter-free environment.

7. (6) Climate impact on transportation Atmospheric condition for flight taking off, landing and flying condition. Icing, in-cloud turbulence, optimum cruise latitude, above ground wind. Example: icing: formation of ice on lift-producing surfaces (wings, control surface propellers) so that smooth flow of air over such airfoils is interrupted. It occurs in clouds temperature slightly above freezing to -20C (-4F) when super-cooled water droplet exist In cumuliform clouds: formation of clear ice, heavier and more dangers In stratiform clouds: rime ice (smaller) Turbulence: irregular motion of air over short distances in atmosphere. Example: downbursts or microburst associated with Thunderstorms. (using Doppler Radar to detect) Clear-air turbulence: 9-13KM height associated with strong vertical wind sheers and two different air masses on either side of the sheer (need to use microwave radar, optical or laser radar, and infrared sensors to detect Fog in airports (using cloud seeding)

8. Shipping: related to marine climate. Avoid violent storms at seas, heavy fogs cause ship accidents; ice-free port for dock the ship. 32F line along 40N of Northwest U.S. In Sandinavia, located at 60N (affected by warm Atlantic ocean current)

9. Land transportations: snow, ice, fog, flowing dust, frost heave: ice grow in the form of lenses or veins inside soil, resulting surface raising (uneven surface).

10. Pedestrian transportation: Minneapolis skywalk Santa Monica 3rd Street Prominade “Chicago has been called the “windy” city, the term being used metaphorically to make out that Chicagoans were braggarts. The city is losing this reputation, for the reason that as people got used to it they found most of her claims to be backed up by facts. As usual, people go to extremes in this thing also, and one can tell a stranger almost anything about Chicago today and feel that he believes it implicitly. But in another sense Chicago is actually earning the title of the “windy” city. It is one of the effects of the tall buildings which engineers and architects apparently did not foresee that the wind is sucked down into the streets. Walk past the Masonic Temple or the Auditorium any day even though it may be perfectly calm elsewhere, and you will meet with a lively breeze at the base of the building that will compel you to put your hand to your hat. ”

11. Fogs Fog:suspension of very small water droplets in the air the reduces visibility to less than 1KM (5/8th mile)

13. Fog Hazards In some years fog causes more deaths in the United States than tornadoes and hurricanes combined. Most of these deaths are caused by auto accidents in poor visibility. Visibility is the criterion for defining fog. Fog is a cloud consisting of minute droplets or ice crystals that is in contact with the surface of the Earth. Horizontal visibility is reduced to less than one kilometer, according to international standards (George 1951). When visibility is less than 5/16ths of a mile (less than 400 m), it is considered dense fog. It is the reduced visibility which makes fog a hazard. However, air pollutants, especially particulate matter, are also known to reduce visibility. The famous Killer Smog (smoke and fog) of London in December of 1952 not only reduced visibility but resulted in an estimated 4000 deaths (Bach 1972).

15. Weather-related crashes cost an average of $42 billion annually in the United States from personal injury, loss of life, and property damage (Lombardo, 2000).

16. Fog and Aviation The costs to stranded passengers in terms of money and inconvenience may be impossible to calculate. A recent study showed that for an airport hub like Frankfurt/Main, the economic loss per fog hour is about 250,000 euro/hour (Moller et al. 2003).

18. Fog Collection • Averages 10 liters/square meter • Record is over 45 liters/square meter/day • Can be the primary water supply for a village

19. London 1952

20. London • Soft coal burned in home fireplaces • PM10 up to 14,000 g/ cubic meter • Sulfur Dioxide concentrations – 7 times normal • Excess deaths – estimated as high as 12,000

21. Fog Dissipation • Airports & Highways • Success at airports for cold fog (temp< 32F) Spokane – dry ice • Fairchild Air Force Base –liquid propane dispensed at high pressure • Highways? Some attempts

22. Giant Redwoods May Dry Out; Warming to Blame? Source: National Geographic News, 2010

23. Table 1. Average annual hours visibility < 400m (excludes 1998 for BUR)_________________ LAX 1948-2008 74 LGB 1948-2008 109 LAX 1982-2008 27 LGB 1982-2008 39 BUR 1982-2008 7 CBD 1961-1964 10 CBD 2000-2004 3_

24. Clouds

25. Thunderstorms Severe T-storms: ¾ inch hail and/or wind guests of 50knots. The storm is considered ended 15 minutes after the last thunder clap is heard. In dry climate, t-storms often occur without measurable precipitation

28. Sporting events 1. Seasons, schedules planned for weather considerations. 2. Facilities (indoor/outdoor); consideration of winds, sunshine, lighting, precipitation 3. Training-Olympics, boxing, baseball (Arizona vs Florida) 4. Baseball physics Try: http://profhorn.meteor.wisc.edu/wxwise/baseball/homerun.html

29. TOURISM The world’s fastest growing industry. In some places, are the main source of national income. Example: Bahamas and Cayman islands (80%) If not include cultural attraction (Paris, London, Religious Rome or Mecca), selection of a site to spend a vacation is most often weather related Conditions 1. Reliable weather at all time (Sun and sands): Caribbean and Hawaiian islands; Canary Islands or the Riviera Coasts 2. A set of condition for specialized sports (mountain resorts of the Alps and Rockies depends on snow; wind for surfing in lakes or sea; longer playing season for golfing; hot-air ballooning, kite, hiking 3. Indoor stadiums (climate controlled environment). Super Bowl and college Bowl games are either indoor stadiums or sun-belt cities

31. Impact on commerce Climate affects business on malls or shopping centers Regional climate determines the demand for the type of goods sold, weather conditions influences the day-to-day variations in spending In large seasonal variation areas, stocks in store also change greatly Both good and bad weather can influence retail sales Bad weather: prevent people from reaching stores (snow or people does not want get out of the house) Heatwave: lead people spend extra time in shopping mall Good weather: sunny, warm cause people enjoying weather by going to beach or working in their garden, less money is spent shopping Insurance industry rely climate info to assess risk

32. Military operations 1. History. Several battles influenced by weather (Napolean’s defeat in Russia; and Waterloo-rain, Spanish Armada-storms, Invasion of Normandy-low clouds, fog; invasion of Japan-typhoon,….) 2. Aircraft operations-cloud cover hides aircraft or target, paratroopers; fog poor for air attack, good for commandos. Chemical warefare considers winds. 3. Amphibious assault-storm waves; soil conditions 4. Clothing and equipment. Must be able to sustain extremes of that climatic zone. Military clothing usually very well suited, since not connected to fashion.