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What is the cause of autism?. Sarah Marckstadt. Autism. What is autism? The history of autism. Statistics Biological concepts Frontier issues. What is autism?. Autism is a mental disorder characterized by Abnormal behavior such as withdrawal
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What is the cause of autism? Sarah Marckstadt
Autism • What is autism? • The history of autism. • Statistics • Biological concepts • Frontier issues
What is autism? Autism is a mental disorder characterized by • Abnormal behavior such as withdrawal • Development problems socially, emotionally, linguistically • Appear lost in fantasy • Very unresponsive to physical and verbal communication
The History • In 1943 Dr. Leo Kanner first describes autism as a distinct condition. • In 1977 Sir Michael Rutter and Dr. Susan Folstein publish the first autism twin study, revealing evidence for a genetic basis for autism. • 1977-1978 Drs. Rutter and Schopler further their studies in defining signs and symptoms of autism.
The History • 1988-1991 Many studies related to Autism and genetic connection. • 1992 The American Psychiatric Association refines the diagnostic criteria for Autism. • 1997 The first report with evidence linking chromosome 15q for Autistic disorder. • 1998 Genetic linkage from chromosome 7q to Autistic disorder and the first genomic screen -- IMGSAC. • 1999-2001 During this time evidence was found in genomic regions that have possible genes that are associated with autism.
Autism in the US • Autism is rising rapidly in the U.S. • It cost the economy roughly $30,000-$65,000 each year for every autistic child. • Second most common developmental disability in kids.
Autism in California • According to the state of Ca this is the fastest growing developmental disability group. • 1998-2002 there was a 96.69% increase in reported cases.
Sex Linked? • Autism is three to four time more prevalent in males than females. • Girls who have autism usually have greater cognitive impairment as well as more sever symptoms.
Biological Concepts • Expert say that at least two genes and up to fifteen genes are involved with autism development. • Autism genes maybe located on the second, third, seventh, fifteenth and”x” chromosome. • Unsure if act independently or with each other • In 2003 Duke University found a link from GARB# gene to autism.
Chromosome 2 maybe linked to delayed speech. Chromosome 3 possesses a gene that produces a protein that interacts with GABA. If the GABA is not functioning properly it may cause autistic behaviors. Chromosome 7 is associated with many functions speech, language, cell fate, nervous system in fetus and adults, and development of the brain. Chromosome 15 has three GABA receptor genes. Chromosome X may be involved with social interaction. Biological Concepts
Biological ConceptsVaccines • Many believe that the MMR vaccine which contains mercury and Thimerosal-Containing vaccines may be linked to autism. • Vaccine for Measles mumps and rubella. • IOM claims that the vaccines are not associated with Autism.
Biological ConceptsVaccines • One hypothesis is that MMR may lodge in the intestine to cause a over release of toxins connected to autism. • Thimersoal may cause autism with “folate-dependant methylation by methionine synthases” • This happens when the synthesis of active vitamin B12 is blocked. • In recent years the amount of mercury and thimersoal in vaccines have been greatly reduced.
Biological Concepts • More studies by the CDC were started and should be released in 2006. • Currently there is no evidence that MMR or any other type of vaccine causes Autism, or development of autism.. • The studies done have all been concluded as theoretical.
Treatment • There are many different approaches to treat autism. • Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments. • Psychosocial treatments can be very intense with behavior and speech therapy. • ABA-Applied Behavior Analysis, a system which is based on rewards as positive reinforcement.
Treatment • Floortime treatment is less intense, children and teacher play on the floor while learning language. • Detoxification or chelation therapy is used to rid a child’s body of metals such as mercury that are used in vaccines • Other parents chose to use diet or vitamin therapy, music and vision therapy, as well as yoga and horseback riding to improve motor skills.
Bibliography • "A Look At the Genetics of Autism." Exploring Autism. 2002. National Alliance of Autism Research. 05 Mar. 2006 <www.exploringautism.org>. • "Autism." Duke Center for Human Genetics. 2005. Duke university medical center. 06 Mar. 2006 <www.chg.duke.edu>. • California. California health and human services agency. department of developmental services. Autistic Spectrum Disorders. Apr. 2003. 02 Mar. 2006 <www.dds.ca.gov>. • "FAQ About MMR Vaccines and Autism." Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 07 Sept. 2005. Department of health and human services. 05 Mar. 2006 <www.cdc.gov>. • "Fighting Autism, Research, Education, Treatment." Fighting Autism. 04 Mar. 2006 <www.fightingautism.org>. • Masland, Molly. "Autism the Hidden Epidemic?" MSN. 23 Feb. 2005. 02 Apr. 2006 <www.msnbc.msn.com>.
Bibliography • "MMR Vaccine and Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines are Not Associated with Autism, IOM Report Says." The National Academies. 18 May 2004. 05 Mar. 2006 <www4.nas.edu>. • Mosby’s Medical Dictionary. St. Louis: Mosby, 7th ed., c2006. • Professional Guide To Diseases. Pennsylvania: Springhouse, 7th edition, 2001. • "Rep. Burton Holds Hearing on Mercury and Autism." Autism Society of America. 14 Sept. 2004. 06 Mar. 2006 <www.autism-society.org>. • "Unraveling Autism." National Institute of Mental Health. 17 Feb. 2006. national institutes o0f health. 04 Mar. 2006 <www.nimh.nih.gov>.
Bibliography-Photo • Autistic Society of America. “Awearness Ribbon” Illustration. Run for Autism. Joe Zwiller. 15 Mar 2006.<me.earthlink.net/ ~jjzwiller/run4autism/>. • Brilliant Content. “Child, DNA.” illustration. 2002.Genetic Overview. National Alliance for Autism Research. 04 Mar 2006 <www.exploringautism.org>. • California Health and Human Services Agency. “Rate Increase of Autism Ca.” graph. April 2003. Autistic Spectrum Disorders. California Health and Human Services Agency. 02 Mar 2006. <www.dds.ca.gov>. • Center for Disease and Control. “Increase in Autism.” graph. Fighting Autism. 04 Mar. 2006 <www.fightingautism.org>. • Google Labs. “Brain.” illustration. Dec 2004. Cognitive and Learning Impairments. Natacha Poggio. March 6 2006. <www.ices.utexas.edu>.
Bibliography-Photo • Interior Health. “Child Receiving Vaccine.” Photo. 25 Jan 2006. Protect those you love with a timely ounce of prevention. Interior Health Authority. 05 Mar. 2006. <www.interiorhealth.ca>. • John Hopkins Public Health. “Leo Kanner.” Photo. Brain Storm. John Hopkins Public Health. March 12 2006. <http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/magazine/archive/Mag_Fall04/brainstorm/>. • MedGadget Internet Journal. “XY chromosome.” photo. 12 Sep 2005. Y May Not Die. Medgadget. 06 Mar 2006. <www.medgadget.com>. • Paul Thiessen. “Gem-DNA.” Illustration. 1/6/2004. DNA Graphics Created with PovChem. Paul Thiessen 4/10/2006. <www.chemicalgraphics.com>. • The Epoch Times. “Horse Therapy.” photo. 2005. The Epoch Times International 09 Apr. 2006 <www.theepochtimes.com>. • Tony Fiorini. “Autistic.”photo. Tony Fiorini photo journalist. Tony Fiorini. April 12 2006. <www.tonyfiorini.com/ pj/stories_main.html>.