Prof. Paula Rodríguez Modroño University Pablo de Olavide

1. Time use study by gender in Europe, Spain and Andalucia: gender distribution of paid and unpaid work2nd Global Forum on Gender StatisticsGhana, 26-28/01/2009 Prof. Paula Rodríguez Modroño University Pablo de Olavide Member of the group of experts for gender mainstreaming in the Andalusian Statistical Plan 2007-2010

2. RESEARCH ON TUS for the Andalusian Statistical Institute • Study on 15 EU countries that carried Eurostat harmonized TUS in 2000-2004 to compare the impact of different public policies and social systems on gender equality & female strategies. • Spanish and Andalusian case through microdata (including demographic & socioeconomic variables and all diary activities, also care work). Topics covered: • Employment & care economy • Health & life cycle • Leisure • Education • Travel & transport • Gender gap between rural & urban areas

3. Startingpoints Female strategies vary by region depending on the level of the Welfare state, the development of the market economy and income levels, and the maintenance of traditional roles. Study the impact of public welfare sytems on gender equality • Low fertility rates • Lack of autonomy: part-time jobs, low activity rates • Import of legal/ illegal labor

4. SUMMARY OF EU RESULTS: • Women and men confront different constraints and social determining factors that limit rationality in their choices; and thus, their freedom and capabilities. • Women have a lower amount of free time, what undermines female capabilities, and thus their potential to develop them. • As other studies show: “GENDER MATTERS” more than other differences such as income levels, education, employment rates, etc.

5. 4 EU CLUSTERS: • There are time use differences between EU countries due to different MIXED WELFARE ECONOMIES; and therefore, a different distribution among the State, families and the market of the necessary work to sustain the socioeconomic system. • Variables used in this cluster analysis: fertility rates, female activity rates, part-time work, education, female political representation, working time (paid & unpaid), etc. • Social democrat countries (Norway & Sweden). • Conservative group (Belgium, France & Germany) + Finland & Great Britain. • Former Eastern European countries (Hungary, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia). • Mediterranean countries (Italy & Spain).

6. TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA Working time of women and men aged 20 to 74 years. Unit: hours and minutes per day (Left bar: women; Right bar: men) BE Belgium IT Italy SI Slovenia AN Andalusia DE Germany LV Latvia FI Finland EE Estonia LT Lithuania SE Sweden ES Spain HU Hungary UK United Kingdom FR France PL Poland NO Norway Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

7. TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA Work total of employed women and men. Unit: hours and minutes per day (Left bar: women; Right bar: men) BE Belgium IT Italy SI Slovenia AN Andalusia DE Germany LV Latvia FI Finland EE Estonia LT Lithuania SE Sweden ES Spain HU Hungary UK United Kingdom FR France PL Poland NO Norway Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

8. TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA Gainful work/study and care work activities of women aged 20 to 74 Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

9. TIME USE IN EUROPE, SPAIN AND ANDALUCIA Gainful work/study and care work activities of men aged 20 to 74 Source: National Time Use Surveys (Eurostat & IEA).

10. ANDALUSIAN CASE: AN UNEQUAL AND UNSUSTAINABLE SYSTEM Women Men Paid work Paid work Unpaid work Unpaid work Unpaid work= Domestic activities (household care work) + volunteer work (informal & formal)

11. ANDALUSIAN CASE: UNPAID WORK Women Men Average social time in domestic work per day Average time of those who participate per day

12. CULTURAL CHANGES ARE SLOW: YOUNG PEOPLE IN SPAIN A continuity in traditional roles in time allocation among young women and men. Despite the advances in female human capital, labor market continues segregating workers by their gender, even in the latest incorporation of very educated young population. Young women, even before having reached the age of confronting the biggest problems in work & life balance (30 years old is the female average age of getting married & having the first child), spend less time than men in paid work and much more in non-paid work. These gender roles will affect their life choices, including their access to the labor market and female opportunities to grow professionally and personally. For example, in Andalucia when a man starts living in a couple reduces his domestic working time whereas women have to increase it considerably.

13. Participation rate in the following activities of young people under 25 in Spain Source: Spanish Time Use Survey, 2002-03 (IEA).

14. Average social time allocation by adolescents from 10 to 17 years in Spain

15. Changes in time use between adolescents (10 to 17) and young people from 18 to 25 inSpain (units: minutes) Source: Spanish Time Use Survey, 2002-03 (IEA).

16. ConcludingRemarks • Main factor determining time use of EU citizens is: GENDER. • Women work more than men (work total = paid work + unpaid work) • As more developed the society is, more equal is time allocation, however this advance is still unequal. • Female strategies vary by region depending on the level of the Welfare state, the development of the market economy and income levels, and the maintenance of traditional roles. • Childcare and care of elderly or dependents is mainly a female activity, affecting women’s decisions to have children and to enter, stay or exit the labor market and the type of work they get (full-time /part-time).

17. LESSONS FOR TUS STUDIES • Need for harmonized international TUS, so to do cross-cutting studies and analyze the impact of different public policies, as we do not have much historical data for longitudinal analysis. • Periodical TUS: to capture evolution and cultural changes. • Add other socioeconomic variables & indicators to be able to obtain a full view of how socially unsustainable our economic development is in terms of gender equity.

18. LessonsforPublicPolicies • Need to collect data and study all non-paid work (domestic, informal, volunteer) to be able to grasp real socio-economic systems. • Need to invest an important effort (collecting information, budgets) in Gender equality and women’s empowerment, so that we can really reduce gender inequality. • Key role of education to change social norms and traditional culture: • Male population • Young people

19. THANK YOUprodmod@upo.es