Introduction to Programming the WWW I

1. Introduction to Programming the WWW I CMSC 10100-1 Winter 2003 Lecture 4

2. Topics for the Day • Links • More about images • different file types • making thumbnails • bandwidth issues • Introduction to image maps

3. Different Types of Hyperlinks • Absolute URLs point to Web pages on other Web servers • Relative URLs point to Web pages on the same Web server • Named Anchors point to a different location on the current Web page

4. All Hyperlinks Have Two Parts • The Link Label is the visible element that the user points to and clicks (link labels can be text segments or images) • The Link Destination is the location that the link takes you to when you click on the link • Only the link destinations are handled differently for absolute URLs, relative URLs, and named anchors

5. Anchor Tags • All hyperlinks are created with the anchor tag: <a>this is a link label</a> • The href attribute is used to specify the link destination: <a href=“destination.html”>

6. Absolute URLs • All absolute URLs use complete URL addresses for their link destinations: <a href=“http://www.uchicago.edu/”>UChicago</a> • Any Web page can be referenced by an absolute URL as long as you have its correct address

7. Relative URLs • A relative URL need only specify a file name for its link destination: <a href=“treehouse.html”>tree houses</a> • This assumes the destination file is in the same directory as the HTML file containing the link • If the file is in a different directory, pathing information must be added to the href value

8. Named Anchors • A named link destination specifies a location that has been marked by an anchor tag with a name attribute <a href=“#lumber”>Some Good Lumber</a> <a name=“lumber”>some good lumber</a> • The href value is prefaced with the # character but the name value is not

9. Named Anchors Combined with Other Links • A named anchor can be added to an absolute or relative link as long as the destination being referenced contains that named anchor <a href=“treehouse.html#lumber”>Some Good Lumber</a> • Just add a # followed by the anchor’s name to the end of the file name in the href value

10. Making anything a link • You can enclose all sorts of elements inside <a></a> • headings • text • pictures • Making a picture a link: <a href=“foo.html”><img src=“foo.jpg”></a>

11. Link Maintenance • An absolute link that works today may not work tomorrow • Dead links frustrate visitors and detract from your Web pages • To keep all of your links operational, you have to test them periodically and update any that have died

12. Automated Link Checkers • If you have a large number of links, you should automate the process of link testing • You can subscribe to a Web-based service for link testing and weekly or monthly link reports • You can obtain your own link testing software and run it yourself • You could also write a Perl script…

13. Inline Images • The src attribute inside the img tag is used to add an image to a Web page: <img src=“donut.gif”> • GIF and JPG are the most commonly used file formats for inline images – browsers only recognize GIF, JPG, and PNG image formats

14. Paths • The src attribute for an image file retrieves images from the same directory as the HTML file containing the img tag: <img src=“donut.gif”> • If you want to retrieve an image from a different directory, you can add path information to the file name: <img src=“pix/donut.gif”> • You can also specify a URL to link an image from outside

15. Image Attributes • The align attribute positions the image and enables text to flow around an image • The height and width attributes scale the image to any size you like • The alt attribute allows you to describe the image in text for browsers that can’t display the image. Also helpful to text->voice conversion

16. Flowing Text • Use the align attribute to make text flow alongside an image: <img src=“donut.gif” align=“left”> positions the image on the left side of the page and allows text to run down its right side

17. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) • Uses an adaptive 8-bit color palette (256 colors) • Especially suitable for line art and cartoons • Can work well for some photographs • Patent issues

18. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) • Uses a fixed 24-bit color palette (millions of colors) • Especially suitable for high-resolution photographs • Uses lossy file compression

19. PNG(Portable Network Graphics) • W3C free stand-in format for GIF • Often smaller than GIF • lossless (like GIF) • Does not support animation

20. Lossy Image Compression • Trades image quality for memory savings • Very good for minimizing bandwidth • You control the trade-off when you save the image • Supported by JPG, not by GIF or PNG

21. Interlaced GIFs • Displays images incrementally in four passes • Gives users something to look at while the image is still downloading • Any GIF image can be converted to an interlaced GIF

22. Transparent GIFs • Transparent regions in an image allow the background color or pattern of a Web page to show through • Any GIF image can be made transparent by specifying one color in the image that defines its transparent regions • The background of a photograph can be made transparent after some graphics editing

23. Animated GIFs • The GIF file format supports cartoon animations • An animated GIF is stored in a single GIF file • To display an animated GIF, just specify the GIF file in the SRC attribute of an IMG tag

24. Image Maps • Navigational menus and navigation bars have clickable regions that take the user to different locations • HTML’s map element makes it possible to specify different clickable regions within a single image • Image maps can be created manually with the “ISMAP trick” or with the help of an image mapper • Best created with software

25. Thumbnail Previews • Let your visitors decide if they want to download a large (bandwidth intensive) image • Use lossy file compression to create a small (light bandwidth) thumbnail version of the original image • Make the thumbnail sketch a link label so users can click through to the original image if they want it

26. Making thumbnails • Load image in a program (e.g. Photoshop) • Reduce the image quality under the save options • Set a small height and width in the page

27. File conversion for “hackers” • Use the command “convert” • Part of Image Magic • installed in our department Linux system • Can get (via fink) version for Mac OSX • can reduce image quality, do interlacing • convert -quality 10 foo.jpg foo.tn.jpg

28. Bandwidth Limitations • Image files consume more bandwidth than text files • Users who access the Internet via telephone lines will have to wait for image files that are 100KB or larger • Whenever possible, use image files no larger than 30-40KB

29. Battling Bandwidth Limitations • Always specify height and width attributes for all your images so the browser can “work around” each image while it is downloading • Don’t put any large images at the top of a Web page • Use interlaced GIFs and progressive JPGs • Use the 1x1 image trick (with caution)