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Lexis, Morphology & Semantics for English Language Teaching

Lexis, Morphology & Semantics for English Language Teaching. Exploration of semantic operations 4: Metaphor & Metonymy. Exploration of semantic operations x 4 lectures. Interrelationship between denotation, connotation & collocation Analysis of lexical sets, semantic fields & sense relations

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Lexis, Morphology & Semantics for English Language Teaching

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  1. Lexis, Morphology & Semantics for English Language Teaching Exploration of semantic operations 4: Metaphor & Metonymy

  2. Exploration of semantic operationsx 4 lectures Interrelationship between denotation, connotation & collocation Analysis of lexical sets, semantic fields & sense relations Synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy & meronymy Common conceptions of English semantic operations among Chinese-speaking learners

  3. Exploration of semantic operations 4 • Metaphor • as sense relation? • as semantic transfer • as comparison / substitution • as creation of new semantic fields • as cognitive mapping • metaphor based on body parts • construing metaphors • UP-DOWN • LIFE AS A JOURNEY • idioms as dead metaphors • Metonymy • nature of metonymy • metonymic patterns • metonymy vs metaphor

  4. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as sense relation?? metaphor =?= a sense relation; a relation between words that makes the words mean (i.e. that makes the words make sense); a relation that makes the words meaningful …

  5. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as sense relation?? (pointing at the setting sun in the sky, speaking English) ?…the salted (duck-)egg yolk … Sense relations between the lexemes “(duck-egg) yolk” and “sun”?? (pointing at the setting sun in the sky, speaking Cantonese) … haam daan-wong … (salty egg-yolk)

  6. Exploration of semantic operations 4 single- / multi- “word” lex-emes (in the mental lexicon) word forms word concepts / (spoken and/or written) senses / meanings (? and functions ?) lexis / vocabulary (all the words and their relations)

  7. Exploration of semantic operations 4 free / bound morph-emes (in the mental lexicon) word-part (morph) forms word-part concepts / (spoken and/or written) senses / meanings morphology (all the word-parts & their relations)

  8. Exploration of semantic operations 4 sense relations (in the mental lexicon) word forms word concepts / (spoken and/or written) senses / meanings semantics

  9. Exploration of semantic operations 4 (in the mental lexicon) word forms word concepts / (spoken and/or written) senses / meanings lexis morphology semantics

  10. The meaning systems of English words 2

  11. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as sense relation?? (pointing at the setting sun in the sky, speaking English) ?…the salted (duck-)egg yolk … Sense relations between the lexemes “(duck-egg) yolk” and “sun”?? (pointing at the setting sun in the sky, speaking Cantonese) … haam daan-wong … (salty egg-yolk)

  12. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as sense relation?? (ordering breakfast in English) …fried eggs, sunny side up … Sense relations between the lexemes “egg” and “sun”?? (ordering breakfast in Cantonese, in Hong Kong) … taai-yeung daan … (sun egg)

  13. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as sense relation?? (pointing at a little girl) She’s an ugly duckling. Don’t underestimate her potential. (pointing to a little duck) This duckling is ugly. Pick another one. ? This duckling is ugly. Don’t underestimate her potential.

  14. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as sense relation?? (pointing at a little girl) She’s an ugly duckling. Don’t underestimate her potential. Sense relations between the lexemes “ugly duckling” and “potential”?? (pointing to a little duck) ? This duckling is ugly. Don’t underestimate her potential.

  15. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as sense relation?? (referring to two people) They met, and fell for each other. ? They met, and fell on each other. Sense relations between the lexemes “fall” and “fall for” ??

  16. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as sense relation?? (referring to two people) They met, and fell in love. ? They met, and fell in the river. Sense relations between the lexemes “love” and “river”??

  17. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as semantic transfer (I) (an atomistic view) Metaphor as comparison / substitution: • metaphor is the transference of the meaning of expression-X to expression-Y; • the metaphorical meaning of expression-Y is the literal meaning of expression-X. Compare metaphor with simile: My dog is a pig = My dog is like a pig Y transference X (simile)

  18. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as semantic transfer (II) (a more structural-ist view) Metaphor as creation / trigger of new semantic fields: • a metaphor is the introduction of meaning elements from an originating semantic field A into a newly selected semantic field B; • the metaphorical meaning of expression-Y in the newly selected semantic field B is the original meaning of expression-X in the originating semantic field A.

  19. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphor as semantic transfer (III) (a cognitiv-ist view) Metaphor as cognitive mapping: - the selective use of conceptual elements from a source domain to (a) profile a concept in a target domain, and (b) re-structure / re-configure the concepts in this target domain.

  20. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metaphors based on body parts head a team brainstorm ideas face danger twist arms shoulder a burden back up a claim sit on a request step on other people

  21. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors Sleeper http://www.wagerweb.com/index.cfm?page=inside-the-lines&ItlID=641 Mississippi State “This could be a sleeper team to watch for 2005.” (The New Testament) Ephesians 5:14 “Wake up, O sleeper, rise from the dead, and Christ will shine on you.”

  22. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors SCMP headlines (Friday 01 July 2011) • Majority oppose polls-axe bid • Public being bypassed on by-elections • By-election plan in the balance • Shatin school sweeps A-levels • New blow for school reforms

  23. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphors We Live By. (extract available: http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/6031_Chapter_10_O%27Brien_I_Proof_5.pdf) ARGUMENT IS WAR THEORIES / ARGUMENTS ARE BUILDINGS IDEAS ARE FOOD / PEOPLE / PLANTS / MONEY, etc UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING LOVE IS MADNESS / MAGIC / A PATIENT , etc WEALTH IS A HIDDEN OBJECT SEEING IS TOUCHING SIGNIFICANT IS BIG LIFE IS A GAMBLING GAME See Lakoff’s Conceptual Metaphor Homepage http://cogsci.berkeley.edu/lakoff/ for a much longer list of conceptual metaphors

  24. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors UP-DOWN Conscious is up; unconscious is down Healthy is up; sick is down Happy is up; sad is down Good is up; bad is down More is up; less is down Life is up; death is down

  25. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors Life as A Journey Go into the 21st century Go through three days of training Being on the right track Fall behind one’s work / studies We’re just spinning our wheels This relationship is going nowhere The marriage is on the rocks

  26. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors Life as A Journey think about and/or language on the more abstract / general concept of: LIFE in terms of the more concrete / specific idea of: a JOURNEY

  27. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors Life as A Journey Adapted from: Kövecses, Z. (2002) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. OUP, p.3 http://www.amazon.com/Metaphor-Practical-Introduction-Zolt%C3%A1n-K%C3%B6vecses/dp/0195145119#reader_0195145119 [ Accessed 01 July 2011 ] People might say that they try to give their children an education so they will get a good start in life. If their children act out, they hope that they are just going through a stage and that they will get over it. Parents hope that their children won’t be burdened with financial worries or ill health and, if they face such difficulties, that they will be able to overcome them. Parents hope that their children will have a long life span and that they will go far in life. But they also know that their children, as all mortals, will reach the end of the road.

  28. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors conceptual metaphor: LIFE IS A JOURNEY Adapted from: Kövecses, Z. (2002) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. OUP, p.3 http://www.amazon.com/Metaphor-Practical-Introduction-Zolt%C3%A1n-K%C3%B6vecses/dp/0195145119#reader_0195145119 [ Accessed 01 July 2011 ] metaphorical linguistic expressions: … to be without direction … … to be where one wants to be (in life) … to be at a crossroad … … to go places … … not to let anyone get in one’s way … to go through a lot in life … … been there (done that) …

  29. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors conceptual metaphor: ARGUMENT IS WAR Adapted from: Kövecses, Z. (2002) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. OUP, p.5 http://www.amazon.com/Metaphor-Practical-Introduction-Zolt%C3%A1n-K%C3%B6vecses/dp/0195145119#reader_0195145119 [ Accessed 01 July 2011 ] metaphorical linguistic expressions: … a claim / argument as indefensible … to attack weak points in an argument … a criticism as right on target … to demolish an argument … to win an argument … to shoot down an argument

  30. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors conceptual metaphor: THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS Adapted from: Kövecses, Z. (2002) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. OUP, p.5. http://www.amazon.com/Metaphor-Practical-Introduction-Zolt%C3%A1n-K%C3%B6vecses/dp/0195145119#reader_0195145119 [ Accessed 01 July 2011 ] metaphorical linguistic expressions: … the foundation of a theory … to support / buttress a theory … to construct / build a theory … a theory stands / falls … the framework of a theory … the structure of a theory

  31. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors conceptual metaphor: IDEAS ARE FOOD Adapted from: Kövecses, Z. (2002) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. OUP, p.5 & p.18 http://www.amazon.com/Metaphor-Practical-Introduction-Zolt%C3%A1n-K%C3%B6vecses/dp/0195145119#reader_0195145119 [ Accessed 01 July 2011 ] metaphorical linguistic expressions: … raw facts, half-baked theories … warmed-over ideas, watered-down ideas … to digest the concepts … to swallow a claim / an accusation … to devour a story / book … to cook up a story … food for thought; recipe for success … let an idea simmer on the back burner

  32. Exploration of semantic operations 4 construing metaphors “a language” as metaphorS ... a language IS A TOOL ... to PICK UP a language … to ACQUIRE / HAVE a language … the words IN a language … a language CONTAINS words / rules

  33. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Idioms as “dead metaphors” let sleeping dogs lie ? let sleeping cats lie let the cat out of the bag ? let the dog out of the bag barking up the wrong tree ? barking up the wrong lamppost why keep a dog & bark yourself? ? why keep a cat & meow yourself?

  34. Exploration of semantic operations 4 3 types of conceptual metaphor Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980/2003) Metaphors We Live By. • structural metaphors -- map (aspects of) one structure onto another, e.g. My brain is running slow. 2. orientational metaphors -- map (a set of oppositional) spatial features onto a concept, e.g. The economy is going up. 3. ontological metaphors -- map an abstract entity onto some basic objects or experience, e.g. IDEAS ARE FOOD; TIME IS MONEY.

  35. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymy the chaps on the factory floor the management upstairs the typists in the pool (typing pool) the box in the corner 10 Downing Street the White House the Pentagon

  36. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymy seal the lips tighten the belt the hands are tied hot under the collar many mouths to feed the arm / back of the chair the head of the bed

  37. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymy the kettle is boiling the blanket is warm the cake is burning the car is losing control

  38. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Nature of metonymy Metonymy as substitution by: • contiguity • connection • proximity • literal association

  39. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymic patterns part for whole I see some new faces in this room. We have more bums to fill the seats. I need more hands for the job. (Cantonese in HK) Add a pair of chopsticks for dinner. whole for part The newspapers yesterday said … I live in Kowloon. Please fill up the car with lead-free petrol. Let us use the library.

  40. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymic patterns place for institution Beijing likes what Macau is doing. Washington will issue a statement soon. Hong Kong closed up, but London opened down. Hollywood isn’t very creative lately. institution for the people in it The university does this very carefully. The market ignores the rumour. LegCo debated on the issue. The People’s Liberation Army was friendly to us.

  41. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymic patterns container for contained Sample the bottles to identify the flavours. The kettle is boiling. Room 101 is complaining about the mini-bar. The mini-bus jumped the red light. controller for controlled Napoleon lost the battle in Waterloo. Bill Gate will partner with Samsung Electronics. Bush bombed Iraq. .

  42. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymic patterns possessor for possessed I’m in the phone directory. (Someone’s mobile phone rings.) That’s me. We’re parked round the corner. producer for produced Let’s eat McDonald’s. Shakespeare is on the Intranet. You should hoover the carpet now.

  43. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymic patterns part for whole whole for part place for institution institution for people container for contained controller for controlled possessor for possessed producer for produced

  44. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymy vs Metaphor Metonymic operation: • is a process based on perceived contiguity or connection; • takes place in one and the same conceptual domain. vs Metaphoric operation: • is a process based on perceived similarity or resemblances; • takes place across two or more conceptual domains.

  45. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymy & Metaphor Metonymy & metaphor as: • forming a continuum rather than distinct entities Metonymy as: • subject to fewer conceptual constraints • more difficult to pin down (or account for) conceptually

  46. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymic or Metaphoric literal vs non-literal meaning HK = Hong Kong ( Pearl of the Orient =?= PotO ) NY = New York City ( the Big Apple =?= TBA ) Paris ( the City of Lights =?= TCL )

  47. Exploration of semantic operations 4 Metonymic or Metaphoric orange(in colour) vs green (inexperienced) red-blooded vs blue-blooded hot-blooded vs cold-blooded (in HK Chinese) wong-gumvs zi-hei (yellow gold) (purple air) gum-yu gai (goldfish street) in Mongkok wu-gwai gai (turtle street)

  48. Exploration of semantic operations 4 • Metaphor • as sense relation? • as semantic transfer • as comparison / substitution • as creation/trigger of new semantic fields • as cognitive mapping • metaphor based on body parts • construing metaphors • UP-DOWN • LIFE AS A JOURNEY • idioms as dead metaphors • Metonymy • nature of metonymy • metonymic patterns • metonymy vs metaphor

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