CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL ORIGINS

1. CHAPTER 1HISTORICAL ORIGINS

2. THE EVOLUTION OF THE DETECTIVE • European Origins FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM TITHINGS MERCHANT FINANCED WATCHES

3. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • Shifting masses of people • Younger people relocating to cities • Brutal Punishments- capital offenses • Parliamentary reward system • Apprehension paid official 40 pounds

4. EUROPEAN ORIGINS • THIEF TAKING- fee for return of property • JONATHON WILD “It takes a thief to catch a thief • Buckle maker and Brothel operator • Hired thieves for a cut of their thefts • Sometimes he turned in his employees for reward • Executed for stealing items to be returned

5. ORIGINS (Cont.) • EUGENE VODOCQ- Thief catcher 80 yr. after Wild • Thief sanctioned by police- informant • Became head of Paris detective bureau • Police grew envious, accused of picking pockets, left Paris police • Started pvt. detective bureau-200 arrests • Started “Trade protection society”

6. ENGLISH DETECTIVE • HENRY FIELDING- Wrote Tom Jones • Bow Street Runners • Became Magistrate • Passed company to blind brother • 1821- 1828/ 41% increase in crime with only a 15% increase in population • Blamed crime increase on gin consumption

7. LONDON METRO POLICE ACT • SIS ROBERT PEEL- Occupied a building that had been used by Scottish Royalty • Open to public- called Scotland Yard • Bobbies- introduced term “Detective” • Model for Police Administration • Peel’s Principles • http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/laworder/9points.htm

8. EARLY AMERICAN DETECTIVES • Allan Pinkerton- Appointed by mayor of Chicago- First detective 1849 • “AMERICA’S FOUNDEROF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION” • Pinkerton Investigative Agency early 1850s • War Between the States- Protected President Lincoln- Gathered intelligence for the North • Pioneered handwriting examinations and central federal record keeping. FBI roots

9. MODUS OPERANDI • The way you go about committing crime MO • Thomas Byrnes- NYC Chief of Detectives first recognized criminal technique

10. STATE-AUTHORIZED POLICING • Texas Rangers- 1835 First State Police started for protection from indians

11. FEDERAL INVESTIGATIONS • J. Edgar Hoover- First Director- 1924 • Est. Central Records Chicago/ Leavenworth • Uniform Crime Reports • Established the FBI image

12. UNIFORM CRIME REPORT • UCR- NUMBER OF REPORTED CRIMES PER 100,000 • # Crimes/Population X 100,000= UCR • 100/1,000,000 X 100,000= 10

13. CRIMINALISTICS • Forensic Science earliest application • Alphonse Bertillion- Anthropometry- Catalogued basic factors for identification • Body measured in 11 key places • + eye, hair, and skin color • Portrait parle’- front and side mug shot • Will West Case

14. CONTRIBUTORS TO CRIMINALISTICS • Francis Galton- dactylography- fingerprint identification • Edward Richard Henry- System of fingerprint classification • Arthur Conan Doyle- Sherlock Holmes books predicted many forensic practices • Edmond Locard- Established principle “Every contact leaves a trace”

15. CONTRIBUTORS (Cont.) • AUGUST VOLLMER • Town Marshall- Berkley CA • Police organization • Agency developed the first polygraph • ALEC JEFFREYS Discovered DNA Profiling “Genetic fingerprinting” 1984 • DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 1st use1987

16. DR. HENRY C. LEE • Contemporary criminalist • Kennedy assination • OJ Simpson Case • Jon Benet Ramsey

17. LEGAL INFLUENCES • Bill of Rights • 14th Amendment • 4th, 5th, and 6th most effect on CRJ

18. 4TH AMENDMENT • Unlawful search and seizure • Exclusionary Rule • Mapp v. Ohio

19. 5TH AMENDMENT • You cannot be compelled to be a witness against yourself • You cannot be deprived of due process rights • You cannot be tried twice for the same offense

20. 6TH AMENDMENT • Right to counsel • Right to have a swift trial • Jury of your peers

21. U.S. ORIGINS