Recognizing Logical Linkers: Importance and Functions | Reading Topic 5

1. ENGLISH FOR FURTHER STUDIES Topic 5 Reading

2. RECOGNIZING LOGICAL LINKERS • Recognize logical linkers

3. Why is it important? If the structure is a map, discourse markers are like signposts.

4. Why is it important? • Writers use them to point out the direction in which their argument is heading. • When you have a good knowledge about them, you are muck less likely to get lost!

5. Why is it important? Let’s analyze this. Subjects such as philosophy and sociology are popular choices at degree level. • Nevertheless, these subjects do not lead directly to a job. • In addition, it is difficult to find work with a degree in either of these.

6. Why is it important? Let’s analyze this. Colleges recognize that not everyone can physically attend a course of study. • For instance, online courses are now very popular. • For this reason, many now offer study-at-home courses.

7. Activity 1 In the following text, the linking words have been deleted. Try to reorganize the following sentences into a well-structured paragraph by choosing the most appropriate linking words from the list below. Remember that each point has to have some connection to the preceding one and the one to follow. The paragraph is not a complete text; it is excerpted from Elizabeth Grove-White's York Notes on Virginia Woolf's novel, To the Lighthouse:

8. Activity 1 [again, and, because, consequently, however, or, therefore, yet, whereas] In all novels incidents, actions, thought and descriptions are related, ------ narrated, by an agent who is known as a narrator. The reader, -------, sees the events of a novel to a greater or lesser degree through the eyes, ------- point of view, of the novel's narrator. It is obvious, -------, that the narrator is an extremely significant element in considering a novel, -------- it is the narrator who decides what to show or tell us, --------- what emphasis is to be placed on an event or character, -------- it is the narrator's language that describes events and characters.

9. Answers [again, and, because, consequently, however, or, therefore, yet, whereas] In all novels, incidents, actions, thoughts and descriptions are related, or narrated by an agent who is known as a narrator. The reader, therefore, sees the events of a novel to a greater or lesser degree through the eyes , and point of view, of the novel's narrator. It is obvious, consequently, that the narrator is an extremely significant element in considering a novel, because it is the narrator who decides what to show or tell us, or what emphasis is to be placed on an event or character, whereas it is the narrator's language that describes events and characters.

10. Functions of discourse markers Listing • Firstly • In the first place • Secondly • My next point is • Last/finally

11. Functions of discourse markers Cause and effect • So • Therefore • Thus • Because • Since

12. Functions of discourse markers Giving examples • For instance • For example • Namely • In other words • As follows:

13. Functions of discourse markers Contrast • However • Even though • On the contrary • In spite of • Despite • Nevertheless • On the other hand • Whereas • Yet

14. Functions of discourse markers Activity 2 • In each question, there are two contrasting ideas. Use the word in brackets to write one sentence.

15. Functions of discourse markers Time • Then • Next • After that • Previously • While • When

16. Functions of discourse markers Emphasis • It is worth noting ….. • I would like to direct your attention to.. • A key/crucial issue is ….

17. Functions of discourse markers Rephrase • In other words • To put it another way • By this I mean • That is to say • Let me put it this way

18. Functions of discourse markers Addition • In addition • Furthermore • As well • I may add that • Not only …..but also • Moreover

19. Functions of discourse markers Condition • If • Unless • Assuming that • On condition that • Provided that

20. Functions of discourse markers To sum up • To summarise • If I can just sum up • The gist of my argument is…. • What I have been saying is…

21. Activity 3 • In the passage that follow, certain discourse markers have been printed in italics. Read through the passage and say what you think the function of the discourse markers are and replace each discourse marker with the similar one.

22. Answers • One effect of Virginia Woolf's choice of the multiple point of view narrative mode is immediately obvious when we examine the characters and characterization of To the Lighthouse. Not only are these characters observed in action, or reflected in the consciousness of themselves and others, but their very perspective on external reality serves to define them. We cannot, for example, speak with confidence of Mrs Ramsay's goodness without acknowledging the reservations imposed by herself and the other characters upon that goodness

23. Answers • Furthermore, we have to take into account the characteristic quality of Mrs Ramsay's view of the world. It is impossible, therefore, to make any clear-cut distinction between the characters in this novel and its narrative mode. Virginia Woolf's method of creating the characters in To the Lighthouse is, in a sense, a cumulative one. Our knowledge of the characters depends on the accumulated impressions of them we receive, both from their own reflections and observations and from the responses they elicit from the other characters. The reader is obliged to re-create for himself the characters of this novel.

24. Activity 3 Video