Chapter 4:

1. Chapter 4: An Era of Transition 1960-1964

2. Dawning of a New Age • By the early 1960s, the power of the first wave of rock had dissipated • Little Richard found religion • Jerry Lee Lewis’s pop career was over • Chuck Berry was in jail • Buddy Holly was dead • Elvis was just getting back into music • The interest in traditional rock n’ roll seemed to be dying down • Four new trends were emerging • Girl groups • Folk music • Surf music • The British Invasion

3. The Civil Rights Movement and Pop Music • The Civil Rights movement was arguably the movement that all other movements take their cue from • The link with music was established early on with sons & spirituals (Keep Your Eyes on the Prize, This Land is Your Land, & We Shall Overcome) • The strategy of the early Civil Rights Movement at its most militant was only for social equality • Once this was achieved, many believes full citizenship & assimilation into American culture would follow • At this point the influence of the CR movement isn’t apparent in lyrical content but in the rise of black producers & black-owned labels • Between 1962-63 there were more black artists on the year end singles charts than any time previously

4. Girl Groups • The big reason for the success of black performers on the pop charts was the popularity of the “girl groups” • Between 1960-62, The Shirelles had a string of hits that are considered rock n’ roll classics • Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow, Dedicated to the One I Love,Mama Said, Soldier Boy • Some of the biggest groups were the Crystals (Do Ron RonRon) The Ronettes (Be My Baby) Martha and the Vandellas (Heat Wave) • By the beginning of the British Invasion (1964), the time of the girl groups was ending

5. Beginnings of the Folk Trend • Music of the 1960’s as not truly “folk” music • folk music – songs handed down from generation to generation for so long the origin is no longer known • Modeled after Appalachian folk bands of the 1940s • Usually acoustic guitar(s) accompanying one or more vocalists • Lyrics were relatively serious about real issues: money, jobs, love, death & social issues • This wasn’t music to dance to, it was music to think about • This music was not for “teenyboppers” but for older, more thoughtful young adults • These listeners were organizing to fight social injustices of all kinds, big and small Peter, Paul & Mary • First commercially successful folk rock group • 7 of first 8 LPs certified gold • Dozens of Top 40 songs 1962-69 • Biggest songs: If I Had a Hammer, Puff the Magic Dragon • They were in between the Ivy League folk groups and the hardcore “folknicks”

6. Joan Baez • B. Jan 9, 1941 • Perfect example of the early 60’s folk movement • Young, musically gifted, committed to both traditional songs and social action • Became involved in political issues while attending Boston University in 1950s • Very important to the rise of Bob Dylan in the folk scene • Became more involved in political activism in late 1960s • Made most commercially successful music in 1970s • Has continued to make music, but has become more visible in past 20 yrs as a human rights activist

7. Bob Dylan Robert Zimmerman (b. May 24, 1941) • Traditional folk singers shunned rock as commercial junk • Bob Dylan was able to unite the “folkies” and “rockers” • Dropped out of college in 1960, moved to NYC in 1961 to make a career in music and meet his hero Woody Guthrie • Released first album Bob Dylan (1962) • No major singles, but hints at Dylan’s talent for songwriting • The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan (1963) • Blowin’ In the Wind – expressed the optimism that existed before JFK killed later in the year • The Times They Are A Changing (1964) • The Times They Are a Changing – same vein as Blowin’ but with a harder edge

8. Dylan hated being stereotyped • Pulling back from the edge of protest, his work became more mellow & deep-thinking • Bringing It All Back Home (1965) confirmed “folkies” worst fears Dylan was using electric guitars on half the songs • He was met w/ thunderous boos when playing on stage in July ‘65 with an electrified blues band • Accused of “selling out”, but created true folk rock • Dylan had a serious motorcycle wreck in 1966 and didn’t record again until 1968 • Public reentry to music was John Wesley Harding (#2) • May 1969 – released Nashville Skyline (#3); overly country but Dylan used a much mellower singing voice • Lay, Lady, Lay (#7, 1969) & Girl From the North Country (featuring Johnny Cash) • Dylan continued to tour and sell high-charting albums through the 1970s • Even soundtracks (Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid #12, 1972)

9. 1975 – played 2 benefit concerts to raise awareness and raise money for Ruben “Hurricane” Carter, a convicted murderer • 1979 – announces he is a born-again Christian & begins releasing • Supposedly renounces his new-found faith & travels to Israel • In the 1980s, Dylan’s music seems thrown together, hurried and poorly produced in many cases and his fame • Still records to this day (released a Christmas album in 2009) • Influenced countless musicians, including John Lennon • Considered one of the greatest songwriters of all time • Inducted into the Rock n’ Roll HoF in 1989 • 11-time Grammy winner • 5 #1 albums, but only 12 Top 40 singles (no #1s) in his 47 yr recording career • Habit of covers of his songs becoming hits for others

10. The Byrds • Group composed of Roger McGuinn, Chris Hillman, Gene Clark, David Crosby, & Michael Clarke • pioneers in folk rock, and later country rock • Formed summer 1964, using the intentionally misspelled Byrds, much like the Beatles • Touted as the American answer to the Beatles • In Jan. ‘65, the group met Bob Dylan, who gave them their first hit Mr. Tambourine Man • Didn’t chart for Dylan, #6 for Byrds

11. 1966 – covered Pete Seeger’s folk song Turn! Turn! Turn! • Failed to ever reach that level of commercial success for the rest of the band’s existence • By summer ‘66, Gene Clark had left the band to begin a solo career • Their album Fifth Dimension solidified their departure from the folk rock sound • first record widely banned b/c of supposed drug-oriented lyrics • Single Eight Miles High reached #14 • By Oct. 1968, McGuinn was the only original Byrd left • Crosby had left to form Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young • Clarke joined the Dillard and Clark Group • Hillman joined the Flying Burrito Brothers • Though the band was short lived, enshrined in the RRHoF in 1991

12. Surfing Music • When discussing California rock/surf music, the Beach Boys defined the sound The Beach Boys • Formed 1961 • Brian Wilson, Dennis Wilson, Carl Wilson, Mike Love & Al Jardine • In the early 1960s, virtually invented California rock • Celebrated an idealized California teen’s life – surfing, driving, dating • Sold over 65 million records world-wide

13. Many of their early songs used Chuck Berry guitar licks (w/o permission) w/ vocal harmonies • Earliest hits were Surfin’ Safari (#14, 1962), Surfin’ USA (#3, 1963) (note for note copy of Berry’s Sweet Little Sixteen with new lyrics) & Surfer Girl (#7, 1963) • With Surfer Girl, Brian Wilson would begin producing the group’s music • 1963-65 are the years when their legacy is established • Little Deuce Coupe (#15, 1963), Be True to Your School (#6, 1963) • Fun, Fun, Fun (#5, 1964), I Get Around(#1, 1964) • Help Me, Rhonda (#1, 1965), California Girls (#3, 1965) • March 1966 – Pet Sounds is released • #10 album, but sold poorly; not certified gold until 30th anniversary in 1996 • Pioneered studio techniques never used before & even influenced work on albums like The Beatles Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band

14. They reached #1 again in 1968 with Good Vibrations • The band continued to play throughout the 70s • By the 1980s, the band still performed but the lineup changed almost constantly • Dennis Wilson died 12/28/83 while swimming • 1988 – best selling #1 Kokomo • Carl Wilson died from cancer 2/6/98 & Al Jardine quit shortly thereafter • 1988 – inducted into RRHoF • 2001 – group received a Lifetime Achievement Award Grammy

15. The British Invasion • The Beatles were responsible for many trends in rock music, but maybe none more influential than the British Invasion • Prior to 1964, rock n’ roll was an American product, exported to other countries • The British loved American rock acts like Bill Haley, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry & Little Richard • American blues artists also had been popular there since the late 1940s • 1964 – of 23 #1 hits, 9 were by British bands • 1965 – 13 of 26 #1 songs were British (6 by Beatles) • 1954 -1963 - Only 2 British #1s • Post-1964 rock defined by the Beatles & Rolling Stones

16. The Bad Boys of Rock n’ Roll The Rolling Stones • While the Beatles were influenced by early rock and roll, The Stones received their influences from the roots of rock: the blues • Formed in summer of 1962, the “Stones” final lineup was set in January 1963. • Mick Jagger – vocals • Keith Richards – lead guitar • Brian Jones – rhythm guitar • Bill Wyman – bass • Charlie Watts – drums • By June 1963, the Beatles were a British sensation & their manager was promoting the Stones as the debauched opposite

17. June 1963 - first single was a cover of Chuck Berry’s Come On (#21 Britain) • After appearing on the British tv show, Thank Your Lucky Stars, the band’s manager was told to get rid of “that vile-looking singer with tire-tread lips” • Their next hit I Wanna Be Your Man (#15, written by Lennon & McCartney) • January 1964 – first headlining tour of Britain w/ the Ronettes, released a cover of Buddy Holly’s Not Fade Away (#3 Britain, #48 US) • June 1964 – first US tour; while in Chicago, recorded at Chess Records studio • The Stones’ version of old blues tune Little Red Rooster was banned in the US for objectionable lyrics • Jagger & Richards began writing their own material & Tell Me (You’re Coming Back to Me) was their first Top 40 US hit in August

18. The Stones hit their stride in 1965-66 • The Last Time cracked the Top 10 (US) • Satisfaction (#1, 1965) • Get Off of My Cloud (#1, 1965) • As Tears Go By (#6, 1965) • 19th Nervous Breakdown (#2, 1966) • Aftermath was the Stones’ first LP of original material • Overshadowed by The Beatles Revolver & Dylan’s Blonde On Blonde • Still, Paint It Black (1966) & Ruby Tuesday (1967) were #1 in US • The bad boy image the Stones projected was becoming too real • By May ‘67 – Jagger, Richards & Jones all faced jail time for various drug charges

19. All three received heavy sentences, but were suspended after appeal • To keep a low profile the band temporarliy withdraw from public appearances • Fall ‘67 – a B-side “We Love You” #50 guest starred Lennon & McCartney sang back up • Dec. 1967 – released Their Satanic Majesties Request • Stones’ psychedelic answer of Sgt. Pepper • May 1968 – “Jumpin’ Jack Flash” #3, marked a return to basic rock n’ roll • June 9, 1969 – Brian Jones leaves the band & is replaced by Mick Taylor • July 3 – Jones found dead in his swimming pool, cited as “death by misadventure”

20. July 11, 1969 – “Honky Tonk Women” debuts #1 • Let It Bleed quickly goes gold • Jones appears on most tracks, but Taylor makes his first on-disc appearance • Dec 6, 1969 – Altamont Speedway • Suppose to be a “thank you” for American fans • Urged by the Grateful Dead to hire the Hell’s Angels biker gang for security • Poorly planned lay out led to problems with the crowd • Supposedly Sympathy for the Devil had incited near-riot conditions with the crowd and Meredith Hunter was stabbed to death by a couple of gang members • Stones would not play Sympathy for the Devil in concert until 1975 • 1970 – Rolling Stones Records is formed under the Atlantic label • The Stones establish themselves as the premier band in rock during the early 1970s w/ Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main Street (1972) Goats Head Soup (1973) It’s Only Rock n’ Roll (1974) and Black and Blue (1976) all going #1 on the sales charts

21. 1974 - Mick Taylor leaves band, replaced by Ron Wood in 1976 • Starting in the 1980s, the Rolling Stones become more of an institution than an influence in music • 1992 - Bill Wyman leaves the band after 30 years Some statistics on the Rolling Stones since 1963: • 10 gold albums • 21 platinum/multi-platinum albums • Estimated 200 million total albums sold • 13 #1 singles in the U.S. alone • 9 #1 albums • Exile on Main Street #7 on Rolling Stone’s 500 Greatest Albums • (I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction #2 on Rolling Stone’s 500 Greatest Songs • 14 songs total on the list • The band ranked #2 on Rolling Stone’s 100 Greatest Artists • Inducted into the RRHoF in 1989

22. The Who • Founded 1964 • Pete Townshend – guitars/vocals • Roger Daltrey – vocals • John Entwistle – bass • Keith Moon – super-mega-bombastic drums • Townshend and Entwistle knew each other in school and played together in band • 1962 – Entwistle joined a band that included Daltrey, called the Detours • When the band needed a new rhythm guitarist, Entwistle suggested Townshend • 1963 – Daltrey switched to vocals, Townshend to lead guitar and Moon replaced the old drummer

23. early 1964 - they were going by The Who, had a Mod Rock image and they played blues, James Brown and Motown covers • Their original material was anything but classic R&B • They were know for violent stage shows where Townshend would bash his guitar on the stage • The group cut a demo “I Can’t Explain” with session guitarist Jimmy Page and landed a record deal • I Can’t Explain was ignored until the band appeared on Ready, Steady, Go in January 1965 • Townshend smashed his guitar and Moon joined in by kicking his drum • The song soon reaches #8, followed by Anyway, Anywhere, Anyhow (Top 10 UK) and My Generation (#2 UK, #75 US) in November 1965 • 1967 – The Who starts prepping to enter the US w/ Happy Jack (#24)

24. The Who Sell Out (#48, 1967) follows on the heels of the band’s appearance at the Monterey Pop Festival in June • Featured mock advertisements and jingles • Oct 1968 – Magic Bus (#39) was a compilation of B-sides to pacify fans while Townshend worked on his rock opera • Tommy was the 90 minute story of a deaf, dumb, and blind boy turned pinball champion/pop icon turned autocratic messianic guru • Album made it to #4 in the US • Pinball Wizard #19 • Only played in its entirety a handful of times in concert

25. The band continues to produce albums, but personality clashes eventually take a toll on the group • Townshend suffered from an identity crisis through the 1970s • My Generation had been an anthem for the younger generation (live fast, die young, don’t trust anyone over 30) • By 1975, he was part of that older generation now • 1978 – the youth that The Who had appealed to in the mid 60s now embraced punk • Who Are You (#2 album, #14 single) • Last & highest charting album by the original band • Sept 7, 1978 – Keith Moon dies from overdose in LA • The band continued on but members said it was never the same

26. 1982 – the band officially breaks up • Townshend and Daltrey went on to have solo careers but eventually the band reformed in 1999 • 1996 - Zak Starkey became the new drummer • 2002 - Entwistle left the band Highlights of The Who’s career • 1990 - Inducted into the Rock n’ Roll HoF • 7 albums on Rolling Stone’s 500 Greatest Albums • 7 platinum/multi-platinum albums • 1 gold album • Never had an album higher than #2 or a single higher than #9 in the US

27. The Yardbirds • While the band didn’t last long (1963-68), it was very influential. • it wrote the book on blues-rock, • served as a link between mid 60’s British R&B and late 60’s psychedelia • laid the foundation for heavy metal • British blues band known for having 3 of the most famous guitarists in rock history in their line-up • Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, & Jimmy Paige • Formed in June ’63 • Keith Relf – vocals, harmonica • Chris Dreja – rhythm guitar • Jim McCarty – drums • Paul Samwell-Smith – bass • Anthony Topham – lead guitar • Topham was replaced by Eric Clapton in October ‘64

28. Best known for For Your Love, Heart Full of Soul, I’m A Man • 1965 - Clapton left the band in protest when they shifted to a pop sound • Clapton joins John Mayall’sBluesbreakers • Recommended Jimmy Paige, Paige declined, Beck joined • June ‘66 – Paige reconsiders and joins the band; Paige and Beck are co-lead guitars • Nov ‘66 – Beck is fired by the band • 1968 – the band disintegrates • Paige can’t use the name Yardbirds for legal reasons • allows Paige to form Led Zeppelin • Inducted into the RRHoF in 1992

29. Flood of British Rock • The Animals • Mainly a blues band • Best known for House of the Rising Sun (#1, 1964) • 9 Top 20 hits 1964-68 • Inducted in RRHoF in 1994 • Gerry and the Pacemakers • Popular in England, like the Beatles in 1963 • Soft, pop style • Don’t Let the Sun Catch You Crying (#4, 1964) Ferry Across the Mersey (#6, 1965) • Donovan • Folk rock, hippie musician of late ‘60s • 1966 – had Sunshine Superman (#1) & Mellow Yellow (#2)

30. Herman’s Hermits • The most popular of “the other British groups” • Very soft, pop, bubblegum sound • 1965 was breakout year (3 Top 5’s, 2 #1 songs) • I’m Into Something Good (#13, 1964), I’m Henry VIII, I Am (#1, 1965) • The Kinks • Built an image like the Rolling Stones (on & off stage) but not as commercially successful • You Really Got Me (#7, 1964), Tired of Waiting For You (#6, 1965)