Satellitter og Satellitdata

1. SatellitterogSatellitdata Remote sensing

2. Satellitter • Hvor er satellitterne – lige nu? • Se her:  • Geostationær bane • GPS • Jordnære og polare satellitter • De meget elliptiske baner • … og alle de hemmelige

3. Satellitdata • Færdige programpakker • Google Earth (http://earth.google.com/) • NASA World Wind (http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/) • Program i GLOBE-regi • MultiSpec (http://dynamo.ecn.purdue.edu/~biehl/MultiSpec/ • Satellit-tracker • (http://scisites.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/3d/JTrack3D.html )

4. LANDSAT-billeder • Her kan man hente billeder • http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml • Og her kan du hente en manual • http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/change/create.htmlog nogle data i fædigbehandlede sæt • En vældig fin tutor i brug af MultiSpec • http://www.dhba.com/globe/globe.html

5. LANDSAT

6. LANDSAT

11. Landsat Satellite

15. Data fra Landsat og andre satellitbaserede sensorer ankommer til Jorden på digital form: 00110101 11011100 01001010 00010101 11010101 01110101 01010101 Men nuller og 1-taller er vanskelige at fortolke, så de omsættes til billeder af computere. Hvis hver pixel tildeles en gråtone svarende til en talværdi, får vi et billede, der minder om et sort-hvidt forotgrafi.

17. Landsat Kanaler 12345

18. Farver i Landsat billeder Farve Kanal Resultat Rød 3 (Rød) Grøn 2 (Grøn) ‘True Blå 1 (Blå) Colour’

19. Blåt billede Grønt billede Rødt billede Landsat billede Farve ‘True Colour’ billede

21. Farve i Landsat Billeder Farve Kanal Resultat Rød 4 (Near IR) Grøn 3 (Rød) ‘Falsk Blå 2 (Grøn) Farve’

24. What is MultiSpec? MultiSpec is free software for Macintosh and PC computers. MultiSpec allows digital manipulation of Landsat images - Zoom in/out - Examine different band combinations - Examine spectral properties of pixels/groups of pixels MultiSpec is used to produce the computer assisted land cover map in the advanced protocols.

25. Hvilke opløsning kan satelliter måle? eller Hvor store er pixels?

26. 100 meter resolution

27. 30 meter resolution

28. 5 meter resolution

29. Hvad er i en Pixel? 30m

32. What is MUC? • MUC – Modified UNESCO Classification • Classification system for land types of the world • Hierarchical - starts with 10 major Land Classes (coded 0 - 9) • 8 Natural Land Cover Classes - 7 types of biomes plus open water • 2 Developed Land Cover Classes • Rules and definitions in the MUC Field Guide

33. What is MUC? MUC MUC Level 1 Class Code Class 0 Closed Forests Class 1 Woodlands Class 2 Shrubland or Thicket Class 3 Dwarf Shrubland or Dwarf Thicket Class 4 Herbaceous Vegetation Class 5 Barren Class 6 Wetland Class 7 Open Water Class 8 Cultivated Land Class 9 Urban

34. Land Cover Sampling A Landsat Pixel is 30m x 30m… and a Land Cover Sample Site is also 30m x30m Land Cover Sample Sites are at the centre of a 90m x 90m area of homogenous Land Cover Ideally, you can take at least one Land Cover Sample at for every type of Land Cover found in your Study Area

35. Why is the area 90m x 90m? We need to compare each ground site with a pixel in the Landsat image. • Our GPS readings are accurate to about ± 30 meters. • Satellite ground tracks do not exactly cover any one 30 meter by 30 meter site • If an area is homogeneous over a 90 m x 90 m area, the Landsat image and the Land Cover Site can be aligned

36. What is homogeneous? Land that has the same Land Covertype - it is uniform

37. Site 6 Site 1 1222 1121 Site 2 Site 3 92 1121 Site 4 Site 5 92 91 Site 7 Site 8 1222 1121 Land Cover is determined at many Sample Sites throughout the Land Cover Study area (the 15km x 15km area shown in the satellite image)

38. Referencer • Materiale fra GLOBE • Film om elektromagnetisk stråling og refleksion fra forskellige overflader (Remote sensing) • Forskellige illustrationer • Dr. Andy Tasker, GLOBE, har leveret nogle af de viste slides.