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Engaging Students with Boundless Lecture Slides on the Teaching Platform

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Engaging Students with Boundless Lecture Slides on the Teaching Platform

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Overview of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes The Cytoplasmic Membrane of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Transport Across the Cell Membrane Cell Walls of Prokaryotes ] Specialized External Structures of Prokaryotes Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes(continued) Internal Structures of Eukaryotic Cells Other Eukaryotic Components Protein Export and Secretion ] Studying Cells Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... > Overview of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Overview of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells • Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/cell-structure-of-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes-4/overview-of-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells-31/

  7. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... > The Cytoplasmic Membrane of Prokaryotic and Euk... The Cytoplasmic Membrane of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells • Components of Plasma Membranes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/cell-structure-of-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes-4/the-cytoplasmic-membrane-of-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells-32/

  8. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... > Transport Across the Cell Membrane Transport Across the Cell Membrane • Facilitated transport • Primary Active Transport • ABC Transporters • Siderophores • Group Translocation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/cell-structure-of-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes-4/transport-across-the-cell-membrane-33/

  9. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... > Cell Walls of Prokaryotes Cell Walls of Prokaryotes • The Cell Wall of Bacteria • Gram-Negative Outer Membrane • Gram-Positive Cell Envelope • Mycoplasmas and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria • Cell Walls of Archaea • Damage to the Cell Wall Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/cell-structure-of-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes-4/cell-walls-of-prokaryotes-34/

  10. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... > Specialized External Structures of Prokaryotes Specialized External Structures of Prokaryotes • Endospores Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/cell-structure-of-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes-4/specialized-external-structures-of-prokaryotes-35/

  11. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... > Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes • Ribosomes • Cell Inclusions and Storage Granules • Carboxysomes • Magnetosomes • Gas Vesicles Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/cell-structure-of-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes-4/specialized-internal-structures-of-prokaryotes-36/

  12. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... > Internal Structures of Eukaryotic Cells Internal Structures of Eukaryotic Cells • The Nucleus and Ribosomes • Mitochondria • Comparing Plant and Animal Cells • The Endoplasmic Reticulum • The Golgi Apparatus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/cell-structure-of-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes-4/internal-structures-of-eukaryotic-cells-37/

  13. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... > Other Eukaryotic Components Other Eukaryotic Components • Peroxisomes • Lysosomes • Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules • Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/cell-structure-of-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes-4/other-eukaryotic-components-38/

  14. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... > Protein Export and Secretion Protein Export and Secretion • Endocytosis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/cell-structure-of-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes-4/protein-export-and-secretion-39/

  15. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... > Studying Cells Studying Cells • Microscopy • Crystallographic Analysis • Genetic Analysis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/cell-structure-of-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes-4/studying-cells-40/

  16. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Key terms • adenosine triphosphatea multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer • alpha-proteobacteriaA taxonomic class within the phylum Proteobacteria — the phototropic proteobacteria. • ATP-binding cassette (ABC) domainThe ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family is a group of proteins which bind and hydrolyse ATP in order to transport substances across cellular membranes. • autotrophAny organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy • binary fissionThe process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells. • bioinformaticsA field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge into a single discipline to analyse biological information using computers and statistical techniques. • carboxysomeA bacterial organelle that contains enzymes involved in carbon fixation. • celluloseA complex carbohydrate that forms the main constituent of the cell wall in most plants and is important in the manufacture of numerous products, such as paper, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and explosives. • chitinA complex polysaccharide, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi; thought to be responsible for some forms of asthma in humans. • chromatina complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins within the cell nucleus out of which chromosomes condense during cell division • cofactoran inorganic molecule that is necessary for an enzyme to function • collagenAny of more than 28 types of glycoprotein that forms elongated fibers, usually found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... • cytoplasmThe contents of a cell except for the nucleus. It includes cytosol, organelles, vesicles, and the cytoskeleton. • cytoskeletonA cellular structure like a skeleton, contained within the cytoplasm. • electrogenic pumpAn ion pump that generates a net charge flow as a result of its activity. • electronThe subatomic particle having a negative charge and orbiting the nucleus; the flow of electrons in a conductor constitutes electricity. • endosomeAn endocytic vacuole through which molecules internalized during endocytosis pass en route to lysosomes • endosporeA dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum. • endotoxinAny toxin secreted by a microorganism and released into the surrounding environment only when it dies. • enzymea globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction • enzymea globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction • eukaryoticHaving complex cells in which the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. • extracellular matrixAll the connective tissues and fibres that are not part of a cell, but rather provide support. • facilitated diffusionThe spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane integral proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  19. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... • flagelluma flagellum is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • free radicalAny molecule, ion or atom that has one or more unpaired electrons; they are generally highly reactive and often only occur as transient species. • gas gangrenea bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in necrotizing or rotting tissues • gas vesicleGas vesicles are spindle-shaped structures found in some planktonic bacteria that provide buoyancy to these cells by decreasing their overall cell density. • genomeThe complete genetic information (either DNA or, in some viruses, RNA) of an organism, typically expressed in the number of basepairs. • Gram stainA method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). • heterotrophan organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food, as it cannot synthesize its own • histoneany of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin • hydrolaseAn enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a substrate. • hydrolysisA chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water. • Inclusion bodiesInclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. • lipopolysaccharideany of a large class of lipids conjugated with polysaccharides Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  20. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... • lumenThe cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. • lysosomeAn organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules. • magnetosomeA membranous prokaryotic organelle, containing mineral crystals, present in magnetotactic bacteria. • magnetotaxisThe supposed ability to sense a magnetic field and coordinate movement in response, later discovered to be natural magnetism: such creatures orient themselves magnetically even after death. • membraneA flexible enclosing or separating tissue forming a plane or film and separating two environments (usually in a plant or animal). • membrane proteinProteins that are attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. • microtubuleSmall tubes made of protein and found in cells; part of the cytoskeleton • mutationAny heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material. • Na+-K+ ATPaseAn enzyme located in the plasma membrane of all animal cells that pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells. • neutrophilA cell, especially a white blood cell that consumes foreign invaders in the blood. • nucleoidthe irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localized • nucleolusa conspicuous, rounded, non-membrane bound body within the nucleus of a cell Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  21. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... • osmotic environmentenvironment with controlled net movement of molecules from a region of high solvent concentration to a region of low solvent concentration through a permeable membrane. • phosphotransferase systemA distinct method used by bacteria for sugar uptake where the source of energy is from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). • plasma membraneThe semipermeable barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. • prokaryoticOf cells, lacking a nucleus. • proteoglycanAny of many glycoproteins that have heteropolysaccharide side chains • protistAny of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms including protozoans, slime molds and some algae; historically grouped into the kingdom Protoctista. • receptorA protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell. • recombinant proteinManipulated form of protein produced in specialized vehicles known as vectors. • resolutionThe degree of fineness with which an image can be recorded or produced, often expressed as the number of pixels per unit of length (typically an inch). • reticulumA network • ribosomeSmall organelles found in all cells; involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA. • siderophoresSidereophores are small, high-affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, and also grasses. Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fe3+ binding agents known. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  22. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... • SvedbergThe Svedberg unit (S) offers a measure of particle size based on its rate of travel in a tube subjected to high g-force. • Tat pathwayA protein export or secretion pathway found in plants, bacteria, and archaea. • translationA process occurring in the ribosome, in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) guides assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein. • transpeptidaseAny enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an amino or peptide group from one molecule to another • vesicleA membrane-bound compartment found in a cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  23. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis Ribosomes are made up of a large subunit (top) and a small subunit (bottom). During protein synthesis, ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  24. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Gram-positive bacteria These bacteria stain violet by Gram staining. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."20110322 193829 Bacteria SMB UTI."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20110322_193829_Bacteria_SMB_UTI.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Phagocytosis In phagocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and engulfs it. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bulk Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44419/latest/Figure_05_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Pseudomonas aeruginosa P. aeruginosa is capable of growth in diesel and jet fuel, where it is known as a hydrocarbon-using microorganism (or "HUM bug"), causing microbial corrosion. [3] It creates dark, gellish mats sometimes improperly called "algae" because of their appearance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Pseudomonas aeruginosa 01."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_01.jpg%23filelinksView on Boundless.com

  27. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Insulin crystals insulin crystals Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Insulincrystals."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insulincrystals.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Pinocytosis In pinocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates, surrounds a small volume of fluid, and pinches off. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Bulk Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44419/latest/Figure_05_04_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  29. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Electron Micrograph of the Rabies Virus. This electron micrograph shows the rabies virus, as well as Negri bodies, or cellular inclusions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Rabies Virus EM PHIL 1876."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPGView on Boundless.com

  30. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Rice University."The Cytoskeleton."CC BYhttp://naginata.cnx.rice.edu:9090/content/m10006/latest/View on Boundless.com

  31. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Cell Surface Size Notice that as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases.When there is insufficient surface area to support a cell's increasing volume, a cell will either divide or die.The cell on the left has a volume of 1 mm3 and a surface area of 6 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 6 to 1, whereas the cell on the right has a volume of 8 mm3 and a surface area of 24 mm2, with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 3 to 1. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44406/latest/Figure_04_02_03.pngView on Boundless.com

  32. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Mechanism of ABC transport Proposed mechanism of transport for ABC importers. This alternating-access model was based on the crystal structures of ModBC-A Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."ABC transporters."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_transportersView on Boundless.com

  33. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Penicillin mechanism of action Penicillin acts by binding to penicillin binding proteins and inhibiting the cross-linking of peptidoglycan subunits. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.CC BY-SAhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Penicillin_inhibition.svg/1000px-Penicillin_inhibition.svg.pngView on Boundless.com

  34. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... The Extracellular Matrix The extracellular matrix consists of a network of proteins and carbohydrates. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44413/latest/Figure_04_06_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Bacillus subtilis stained with the Schaeffer-Fulton stain. A stained preparation of Bacillus subtilis showing endospores as green and the vegetative cell as red. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Bacillus subtilis Spore."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacillus_subtilis_Spore.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Endospore morphology Variations in endospore morphology: (1, 4) central endospore; (2, 3, 5) terminal endospore; (6) lateral endospore. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Bakterien%20Sporen."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakterien_Sporen.pngView on Boundless.com

  37. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... The nucleus stores the hereditary material of the cell The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus of living cells contains the genetic material that determines the entire structure and function of that cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Nucleus and DNA Replication. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46073/latest/View on Boundless.com

  38. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Bacterial Cell Wall The anatomy of bacterial cell structure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.CC BY-SAhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg/500px-Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg.pngView on Boundless.com

  39. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Active Transport of Sodium and Potassium Primary active transport moves ions across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient (electrogenic transport). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest/Figure_05_03_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... The Centrosome Structure The centrosome consists of two centrioles that lie at right angles to each other. Each centriole is a cylinder made up of nine triplets of microtubules. Nontubulin proteins (indicated by the green lines) hold the microtubule triplets together. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Light and Electron Microscopes (a) Most light microscopes used in a college biology lab can magnify cells up to approximately 400 times and have a resolution of about 200 nanometers. (b) Electron microscopes provide a much higher magnification, 100,000x, and a have a resolution of 50 picometers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Studying Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44405/latest/Figure_04_01_01ab_new.jpgView on Boundless.com

  42. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Mitochondrial structure This electron micrograph shows a mitochondrion as viewed with a transmission electron microscope. This organelle has an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The inner membrane contains folds, called cristae, which increase its surface area. The space between the two membranes is called the intermembrane space, and the space inside the inner membrane is called the mitochondrial matrix. ATP synthesis takes place on the inner membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Channel Proteins in Facilitated Transport Facilitated transport moves substances down their concentration gradients. They may cross the plasma membrane with the aid of channel proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44417/latest/Figure_05_02_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell This figure shows the generalized structure of a prokaryotic cell.All prokaryotes have chromosomal DNA localized in a nucleoid, ribosomes, a cell membrane, and a cell wall.The other structures shown are present in some, but not all, bacteria. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44406/latest/Figure_04_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... DNA is highly organized This image shows various levels of the organization of chromatin (DNA and protein). Along the chromatin threads, unwound protein-chromosome complexes, we find DNA wrapped around a set of histone proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 23, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  46. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages cellular products The Golgi apparatus in this white blood cell is visible as a stack of semicircular, flattened rings in the lower portion of the image. Several vesicles can be seen near the Golgi apparatus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Endomembrane System and Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44435/latest/Figure_04_04_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  47. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... The Chloroplast Structure The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and membrane structures called thylakoids that are stacked into grana. The space inside the thylakoid membranes is called the thylakoid space. The light harvesting reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes, and the synthesis of sugar takes place in the fluid inside the inner membrane, which is called the stroma. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_10.jpgView on Boundless.com

  48. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Cellulose Cellulose is a long chain of β-glucose molecules connected by a 1-4 linkage. The dashed lines at each end of the figure indicate a series of many more glucose units. The size of the page makes it impossible to portray an entire cellulose molecule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Eukaryotic Cells. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44407/latest/Figure_04_03_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  49. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Lysosomes digest foreign substances that might harm the cell A macrophage has engulfed (phagocytized) a potentially pathogenic bacterium and then fuses with a lysosomes within the cell to destroy the pathogen. Other organelles are present in the cell but for simplicity are not shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Endomembrane System and Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44435/latest/Figure_04_04_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  50. Cell Structure of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukary... Stained Keratin Intermediate filaments Keratin cytoskeletal intermediate filaments are concentrated around the edge of the cells and merge into the surface membrane. This network of intermediate filaments from cell to cell holds together tissues like skin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Epithelial-cells."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epithelial-cells.jpgView on Boundless.com

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